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Definition
| any chemical that can affect living processes |
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| the study of the physical and chemical properties of drugs and their interaction with living sytems. |
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| the use of drugs to dx, prevent, treat disease, or to prevent pregnancy |
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| negative effects from drugs |
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| who is responsible for drug approval? |
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| who is responsible for monitoring of adverse/toxic affects? |
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| invitro testing, studies in live animals, applications to the FDA |
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Definition
| what are the three pre-FDA phases? |
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Definition
| in this phase there are 20-100 volunteers, they look for adverse effects of toxicity |
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| try drug in patients who have disease and the drug is meant to treat, what phase is this of drug testing? |
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| this uses a larger sample size, drug is used in the clinical market, info is collected by drug company, what phase? |
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| in this phase of drug testing, testing can take place from 2-10 years |
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| drugs in this phase have received FDA approval |
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| this is the marketing/surveillance phase of drug testing |
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| this is the marketing/surveillance phase of drug testing |
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| this name indicates its atomic and molecular structure |
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| this is the official name given by the USAN council |
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| trade or proprietary name |
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Definition
| this is the final name, it is a registered drug and its use is restricted to the owner of that drug |
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Definition
| drugs with abuse potential are called |
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| chemical structure, mode of action, physiologic action, therapeutic effect |
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Definition
| family name may denote (4) |
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Definition
| drugs that have been discovered but are not financially viable because they have limited market or a narrow margin of safety |
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| could mask s/s of underlying disease making diagnosis difficult, could interfere with drug therapy, not taking as directed could result in OD |
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Definition
| what are some problems with OTC drugs? |
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| available without a px to treat common ailments |
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| since what year has the manufacture and sale of drugs for self medication been controlled? |
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Definition
| in what year was the scientific review of OTC products done? |
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Definition
| type of drug that is no longer protected by a patent, sold by chemical name |
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| these are required by the US law to be the same drug |
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Definition
| what is the diff between generic and brand name? |
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Definition
| after approved by the US FDA, the drug is granted a ____ year patent, after this other companies are free to copy the drug. |
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Term
1. absorption
2. distribution
3. metabolism
4. excretion |
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Definition
| Pharmacokinetics include (4) |
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| bc they have less protein that binds the meds, more free meds in the blood then |
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Definition
| why could drugs be more toxic in the blood of elderly? |
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Definition
| drug action and effect within the body |
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Definition
| study of what the body does to the drug |
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Definition
| biotransformation happens in the |
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Definition
| process by which drugs are changed into new less active chemicals |
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Definition
| in this phase of biotransformation, oxidation and reduction and hydro via cytochrome p450 sys |
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Definition
| this phase of biotransformation involves conjugation reactions, make drugs less polar, and more readily excreted by the kidneys. |
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| presence of one drug speeds up the metabolism of others preventing them from reaching therapeutic levels, some drugs inhibit enzyme systems making it less effective |
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Definition
| what are two reasons why drugs cannot be taken together? |
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Term
| skin, saliva, lungs, bile, feces, urine |
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Definition
| excretion happens via the... |
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Term
| in the kidney by glomeruler filtration |
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Definition
| where is the majority of drugs excreted? |
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Term
| their kidney function and acidity of urine |
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Definition
| in regards to the patient, what is it important to consider before giving the pt a drug? |
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| in the GI tract, mucus membranes, skin, lung, muscle, subq tissue |
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Definition
| absorption of a drug occurs where? |
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Term
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Definition
| active transport is involved with what in the kidney? |
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Term
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Definition
| this process is used in drug absorption in the body |
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Definition
| study of how the med changes once inside the body |
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| replacing a missing body chemical, stim or depressing cell activity, interfering with functioning of a foreign cell |
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Definition
| drugs may work in three ways |
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Definition
| the time required for the body to eliminate 50% of the drug |
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| abs rate, distance to the tissues, speed of biotransformation, how fast drug is excreted is all taken into consideration |
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Definition
| what is taken into consideration when determining the half life? |
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Term
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Definition
| this blocks the receptor site |
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| noncompetitive antagonist |
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Definition
| sits at receptor site, prevent rxn of another chemical at a receptor site on the same cell |
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Definition
| unwanted reaction of a drug |
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Definition
| at side of abs, one drug prevents or accelerates abs of the other drug |
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Definition
| own body response decreases bc of increased biotransformation |
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Definition
| if a drug is taken in successive doeses at intervals that are shorter than required or is body cannot eliminate drug, it can accumulate in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of drug needed to cause therapeutic effect-reccomended doasge is based on the amount that must be given to eventually reach this |
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Definition
| an increased dose that is usually used to reach critical concentration |
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Definition
| desired or therapeutic effect |
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Definition
| all other effects, may be desireable or undesireable |
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Definition
| nearly unavoidable secondary drug produced at therapeutic levels |
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Definition
| undesireable responses that may be fatal, life threatening, or permanently disabling |
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Definition
| severe drug side effects caused by excessive levels of a drug |
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Definition
| these foods increase the acidity and speed the breakdown of a drug |
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Definition
| combined effect is equal to the sum of each given alone |
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Definition
| 2 drugs produce an effect greater than the sum of their seperate actions |
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Definition
| one drug interferes with another, neutralizing the effect |
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Term
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Definition
| this route allows the drug to reach full strength at time of injection, avoid inital breakdown |
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Term
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Definition
| directly into capillaries in muscle and sent into circulation via this route |
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Definition
| using this route, drugs peak faster in men than in women |
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Term
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Definition
| drug is deposited under the skin, slowly absorbs into circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| oral durgs are absorbed through the small intestine directly into the protal venous sys, goes into liver which is broken down by enzymes into metabolites where some of drug is deactivated, a larger % of the drug is deactivated and never reaches the tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| when there is loose protein bing, drugs act |
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Definition
| when there is tight protein binding, drugs act |
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Definition
| what type of drugs can pass the blood brain barrier? |
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Definition
| involves antibodies that react with specific sites in the body to cause release of chemicals, including histamine, that produce immediate reaction, hives, rash difficulty breathing |
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Definition
| involves antibodies that circulate in the blood and attack antigens on the cell sites, causing cell death |
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Term
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Definition
| itchy rash, high fever, allergy involves abs that circulate in the blood and cause damage to various tissues be depositing in blood vessels |
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Term
| delayed allergic reaction |
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Definition
| reaction occurs several hours after exposure and involves WBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the mucous membranes occur because of direct toxic reaction to the drug |
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Definition
| when normal flora is destroyed leading to infections caused by the usually controlled organisms |
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Definition
| bone marrow suppression caused by drug effects, will see decreased hct and low plate count, low WBC count |
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Term
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Definition
| this drug is frequently associated with renal toxicity |
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Term
| women have a higher body fat to water ratio |
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Definition
| how does gender influence drug response |
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Term
| confirm orders, verify calc with another nurse, listen to patient, concentrate on one task |
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Definition
| what are ways to avoid drug errors? |
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Term
| right drug, right pt, right dose, right time, right route, right recording |
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Definition
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| consider what pt is saying |
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Definition
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| verify order, check label (3x), id patient/allergy, wash hands, watch for drugs with similar names, never crush tablets before checking with pharmacy |
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Definition
| what are the principles of drug admin? |
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Term
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Definition
| when do you open the drug unit? |
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Term
| the label and the drug order |
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Definition
| what must be triple checked when giving drugs? |
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Term
| when pulling from drawer, when collecting all meds, before giving it to patient |
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Definition
| when do you do the three checks? |
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Definition
| what tablets can you break? |
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| only after med administration |
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Definition
| when do you document a drug was given? |
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| those prepared personally or by the pharmacist |
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Definition
| what meds should the nurse administer? |
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Term
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Definition
| applied indefinitely until the prescriber writes another order to alter or discontinue the first one |
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Term
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Definition
| those orders are written for medications that are given only once |
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Definition
| orders that are to be administered immediately for an urgent patient problem |
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Definition
| medications that need to be given when needed |
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Term
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Definition
| these establish guidelines for treating a particular disease or set of symptoms |
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| when an order is illegible or incomplete, if you think the order is inaccurate, |
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Definition
| when can you question orders? |
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Term
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Definition
| if you have an issue with the medication order, what do you do? |
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Term
| name of pt, name of drug, dose, route, time and frequency of dose |
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Definition
| drug orders should always include: |
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Term
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Definition
| where do you document an error? |
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Definition
| this does not become part of the pts medical record |
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Term
| inform administrators about incident, alert administrator and faccilities insurance company to potential liability claims |
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Definition
| what two purposes does the incident report serve? |
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Term
| pure food and drug act 1906 |
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Definition
| this act of 1906 regulates purity, potency and quality |
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Term
| 1914 Harrison Narcotic Act |
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Definition
| this act regulated the sale of highly addictive narcotic drugs and prescriptives |
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| controlled substances act by the DEA |
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Definition
| this strengthened the law of enforcement in the control of drug abuse and estab. a system of drug classification for controlled substances |
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Term
| high abuse potential (heroin, marijuana, LSD) |
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Definition
| class one includes these illegal drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| these are high abuse potential with physical/psychological dependence (morphine and barbiturates), what class do these belong to? |
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Definition
| these have less abuse potential and include nonbarbituate sedatives |
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Definition
| these are sedatives and anxiety drugs, what class are they in? |
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Definition
| this class includes codeine used in antitussives and antidiarrhea |
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Term
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Definition
| what are the CSA drugs classified by (five classes) |
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Term
| resp. rate, blood pressure |
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Definition
| when administering CNS meds, look for |
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Definition
| professionals wrongful conduct, improper discharge of duties, or failure to meet standards of care that causes harm to another |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of malpractice, failure to do something that another person of the same education and experience would do. |
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Term
| errors of omission, (neglect of duty) and errors of commission (performing an act) |
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Definition
| medication errors resulting in malpractice may take on two forms: |
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Term
| the Doctrine of Respondent Superior |
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Definition
| an employer is responsible for the acts of his or her employer while they are engaged in service to the employer |
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Definition
| inactive substance used for nonspecfic, pshychological effects without the patients immediate knowledge that it is being given |
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| healthy human volunteers who are often paid for their participation |
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Definition
| phase I drug studies involve |
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Definition
| the original name assigned to the drug at the beginning of the evaluation process |
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Definition
| these indicate a drug's potential or actual tetragenic effects, offering guidelines for use of a particular drug in pregnancy |
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Definition
| storing, prescribing, and distributing of controlled substances are monitored by the |
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