THE MOST SUBSITUTED

3*>2*>1*> METHYL

THE LARGEST

MORE SUBSTITUTED

TERTIARY>SECONDARY>PRIMARY>METHYL

(MORE STABLE CATION)

PROTIC

(THE CARBOCATION IS STABILIZED BY THE SOLVENT)

THE RATE OF SN2 REACTIONS

 DEPEND ON___________

LESS SUBSTITUTED

METHYL> 1*>2*>3*

USING HIGHLY SUBSTITUTED C CHAINS AND A STRONG BASE

SN2 PREFER LESS STERIC HINDERANCE AND WEAK LEWIS BASES (STRONG NUCLEOPHILES)

H2 AND METAL CATALYST

(Ex. Pd, Ni, Pt)

 WILL BE SYN DUE TO REACTION TAKING PLACE ON THE METAL

IF YOU ADD HX TO A DOUBLE BOND THE PROTON WILL FIRST BE ADDED TO THE

MOST SUBSTITUED SIDE

OR THE

LEAST SUBSTITUED SIDE

(NOT USING RADICAL MECHANISM)

THE LEAST SUBSTITUED SIDE

(MARKOVNIKOV'S RULE: THE MOST STABLE CARBOCATION IS PROCUCED)

ADDITION OF X2 TO A DOUBLE BOND IS

ANTI

OR

SYN

ANTI

BECAUSE A CYCLIC HALONIUM ION FORMS THEN IS ATTACKED BY SECOND X-

ADDITION OF WATER TO A DOUBLE BOND OCCURS IN ACIDIC OR BASIC CONDITIONS

AND

DOES IT FOLLOW MARKOVNIKOV'S RULE?

ACIDIC

AND

YES

ADDITION OF HBr TO A DOUBLE BOND, USING THE FREE RADICAL MECHANISM

OBEYS

OR

DISOBEYS

MARKOVNIKOV'S RULE?

DISOBEYS

(Br RADICAL IS ADDED FIRST)

COLD KMnO4 ADDED TO A DOUBLE BOND WILL PRODUCE

___________________

1, 2 DIOL (GLYCOLS)

SYN ADDITION

HOT KMnO4 FOLLOWED BY ACID WILL BREAK A

1. INTERNAL DOUBLE BOND INTO:

2. TERMINAL DOUBLE BOND INTO:

1. 2 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

2. A CARBOXYLIC ACID AND CO2

TREATMENT OF A DOUBLE BOND WITH

 1) O3 2) Zn/H2O

WILL______

DOUBLE BONDS TREATED WITH PEROXYCARBOXYLIC ACIDS (EX, CH3CO3H AND MCPBA)

 WILL FORM_____________

POLYMERS OF POLYETHEYLE ARE FORMED

USING:

1) ELIMINATION OF VIVCINAL DIBROMIDE

2) DISPLACEMENT BY AN ACETYLIDE ION

IF YOU WANT TO MAKE A CIS

 ALKENE OUT OF AN ALKYNE,

USE___________

H2, Pd/BaSO4

LINDLAR'S CATALYST

ALKYNES CAN BE OXIDATIVELY CLEAVED BY

______________

AND

____________

KMnO4

OR

O3

ARE NH2, NHCOR  AND NR2 AS AN AROMATIC SUBSTITUENTS

ACTIVATING OR DEACTIVATING? 

ORTHO/PARA OR META DIRECTING?

ACTIVATING

ORTHO/PARA

ARE

 OH, OR, OCOR, AND R 

ACTIVATING OR DEACTIVATING AROMATIC SUBSTITUENTS?

META OR ORTHO/PARA?

ACTIVATING

ORTHO/PARA

BENZENE RINGS CAN BE REDUCED UNDER VIGOROUS CONDITIONS

AND WHAT CATALYST?

THE MORE CARBONS AN ALCOHOL CHAINS HAS THE

(MORE/ LESS)

ACIDIC IT IS

PROTONATING A CARBOXYLIC ACID'S CARBOXYL'S OXYGEN WILL MAKE THE CARBON

MORE OR LESS

LIKELY TO BE ATTACKED BY A NUCLEOPHILE?

PUT IN CORRECT ORDER OF  INCREASING REACTIVITY:

ANHYDRIDES

AMIDES

ACYL HALIDES

ESTERS

AMIDES<ESTERS<ANHYDRIDES<ACYL HALIDES

GRAVITY FILTRATION IS BEST USED WHEN THE DESIRED PRODUCT IS THE______________

AND

VACUUM FILTRATION IS BEST USED WHEN THE DESIRED PRODUCT IS THE________________

DISSOLVED IN THE SOLUTION

AND

THE FILTERED SOLID

SIMPLE DISTILLATION CAN OCCUR WHEN THE FLUIDS BOIL BELOW________DEGREES C

AND

BOIL AT LEAST __________DEGREES C APART

BELOW 150

AT LEAST 25

VACUUM DISTILLATION CAN BE USED WHEN THE FLUIDS BOIL __________DEGREES C

AND

__________DEGREES C APART

ABOVE 150

AT LEAST 25

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION CAN BE USED WHEN FLUIDS BOIL____________-DEGREES C APART

LESS THAN 25

IN CHROMOTOGRAPHY, THE RF VALUE IS CALCULATED

 BY DIVIDING:

 THE____________

BY

THE____________

DISTANCE A COMPOUND TRAVELS/

THE DISTANCE THE SOLVENT TRAVELS

COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY

FLASH COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY

AGAROSE

SDS-POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL

ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING

HOW DO YOU FIND HOW MANY PEAKS THERE WILL BE WHEN DOING HNMR?

HOW DO YOU FIND THE AREA?

COUNT THE NUMBER OF ADJACENT H_S AND ADD 1

USE PASCAL'S TRIANGLE

YOU ONLY WANT TO LOOK AT THE NUMBER OF DIFFERENT CARBONS AND THEIR RELATIVE CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENTS

FROM THE HIGHEST VALUE LINE ON MASS SPEC READING, YOU CAN OBTAIN THE

 _________________

OF THE SAMPLE

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE M+ ION PEAK AND THE LINE BEING EVALUATED, GIVES YOU

______________

.

THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF THE FRAGMENT RECORDED

A CARBOHYDRATE IN WHICH THE LOWEST CHIRAL CENTER HAS -OH TO

 THE RIGHT IS __________

A D SUGAR

GALACTOSE IS A ____ EPIMER OF GLUCOSE

ΒETA

1,4' BETA

STARCH AND GLYCOGEN HAVE _________________ BONDS BETWEEN GLUCOSE MOLECULES

AMINO ACIDS THAT ARE DIPOLAR IONS

(ONE SIDE OF THE MOLECULE HAS A POSITIVE CHARGE WHILE THE OTHER IS NEGATIVE)

ZWITTERIONS

A TERM THAT DESCRIBES SPECIES THAT MAKE ACT AS A BASE OR AS AN ACID

AMPHOTERIC

WHAT ARE THE 2 ACIDIC AMINO ACIDS?

WHAT CHARGE DO THEY CARRY AT PHYSIOLOGICAL PH (7.4)?

ASPARTIC ACID

AND

GLUTAMIC ACID

NEGATIVE

WHAT ARE THE THREE BASIC AMINO ACIDS?

WHAT CHARGE DO THEY CARRY AT PH- 7.4?

ARGININE

LYSINE

HISTIDINE

POSITIVE

ASPARTIC ACID AND GLUTAMIC ACID HAVE HOW MANY DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS?

HOW MANY MOLES OF BASE TO COMPLETELY DEPROTONATE?

3

3

WHAT PROPERTIES AND KIND OF BONDS HOLD THE TERTIARY STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS TOGETHER?

WHAT AA FORMS THESE?

TERTIARY STRUCTURE IS HELD BY HYDROPHOBIC/HYDROPHILIC INTERACTIONS AND BY DISULFIDE BONDS

CYSTEINE