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Definition
| Individuals in a population are equally spaced apart. EX: Crops |
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Definition
| Individuals in a population gather in uneqally spaced groups. EX: Penguins |
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Definition
| Indiviuals in a population are spaced with no pattern. EX: Windblown seeds |
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Definition
| Counting all the individuals in a population |
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Definition
| Constructing a grip of simple squares and counting indiviuals in a population within these squares. |
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Term
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Definition
| Over a period of time, periodically capture and count individuals in a population and than release them, marking the ones you capture first. |
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Definition
| The rate at which a population grows. It follows a logistic growth because limiting factors prevent it from growing without end. |
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Term
| Density Dependent Factors |
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Definition
| Limiting factors that become worse as the population grows. |
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Term
| Density Independent Factors |
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Definition
| Limiting factors that are unaffeced by the population's size. |
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Definition
| An estimate of the carrying capacity of a population. |
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Definition
| Species who have high birth rates, several offspring and short life spans. |
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Definition
| Species who have low birth rates, few offsprings and long life spans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Species with long life spans, with the majority of the deaths occuring in the elderly. EX: Tigers |
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Term
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Definition
| Species that have a constant death rate across all ages. EX: Hawks |
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Term
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Definition
| Species that have high death rates among the young. EX: Butterflies |
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Term
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Definition
| The rate at which a population changes. Calculated by the equation: [birth rate - death rate]/10 |
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Term
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Definition
| When the birth and death rates are equal, the population doesn't grow at all. |
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Term
| Negative Population Growth |
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Definition
| When the ARPC is negative,due to the death rate being higher than the birth rate, the population begins to decrease. |
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Term
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Definition
| The formula to determine doubling time. Calculated by the function: 70/ARPC |
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Term
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Definition
| Leaving a country. Lowers that countries population size. |
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Term
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Definition
| Moving to a country. Increases that countries population size. |
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Term
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Definition
| Known as First World countries. EX: USA, Canada, Germany, Japan |
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Term
| More Developep Countries (MDC) |
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Definition
| Known as the Second World countries. EX: China, Russia |
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Term
| Less Developed Countries (LDC) |
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Definition
| Known as the Third World countries. EX: India, African countries |
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Term
| Replacement-level Fertility |
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Definition
| The number of children a woman must bear to replace a set of parents. This can show how large a population is and how it is growing as a country with a higher rate would have a higher population size. |
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Term
| Factors that affect birth and fertility rates |
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Definition
| Infant mortality, marriage age, education, affluence, child labor, opportunities for women, availabilityof birth control and religious/cultural beliefs |
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Term
| Declining Death Rate Factors |
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Definition
| Nutrition, sanitation, water, hygeine, medicine and public health |
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Term
| Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) |
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Definition
| The number of babies out of every 1000 born each year. Tends to be higher in LDC's than in a MDC or industrialized country. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first stage of the demographic transition model. Typically includes high birth and death rates and a low growth rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| The second stage of the demographic transition model. Typically includes high birth and growth rates and a low death rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| The third stage of the demographic transition model. The birth and growth rate begins to drop down. |
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Term
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Definition
| The final stage of the demographic transition model. Birth rate continues to decline until it is below the death rate, leading to a decrease in the growth rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Policies that encourage birth and large family sizes. EX: Romania |
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Term
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Definition
| A policy that discourages births and encourages small families. EX: China |
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Term
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Definition
| Too little consumption of specific nutrients. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chronic consumption of too few calories per day |
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Term
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Definition
| Poverty, feeding domestic animals and the growing of cash crops. |
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Term
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Definition
| Agriculture that attempts to reduce land disruption through not clearing the field entirely, making sure the land is not compltely bare and planting diverse crops. |
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Term
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Definition
| A attempt to increase food productivity and relieve hunger. One result was the devlopment of new varieties of wheat that were more resistant to pests and disease. |
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Term
| Advantages of biogenetic engineering |
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Definition
| Increase resistance to insects, alter oil content and control the pollon levels in crops. |
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Term
| Disadvantages of biogenetic engineering |
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Definition
| Seeds from the crops may disrupt the ecological balance and pests could develop immunity to the crops resistance. |
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Term
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Definition
| The clearing of forests. Leads to more carbon dioxide in the air, disrupts the water cycle and decreases biodiversity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemicals used to kill insects and other pests. Can lead to resistance in insects. |
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Term
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Definition
| An area where only one type of tree is planted and cared for, reducing the need to cut down forests. However, it also reduces biodiversity since there is only one type of tree. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tree which requires fire to germinate it's seeds. As a result, it is a practice to purposely set fire to it. |
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Term
| Limits on Timber Companies |
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Definition
| Ban timber cutting in national forests, eliminate new roads through national forests and not supplementing government budgets with timber sales. |
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Term
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Definition
| An unmanaged area of land that supplies vegetaton for animals to eat. Contains mostly grass and shrubs, unlike a forest, which contains mainly trees. |
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Term
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Definition
| Year long grazing in a particular area. It requires little fencing, but the grasses become used up faster. |
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Term
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Definition
| Moving livestock between two grazing areas. It allows gras to recover from grazing, but is more costly than continuous grazing. |
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Term
| Advantages of Surface Mining |
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Definition
| Cheaper, faster and safer than deep mining |
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Term
| Disadvantages of Surface Mining |
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Definition
| Destroys natural habitats and the landscape |
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Term
| Advantages of Deep Mining |
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Definition
| Doesn't destroy the landscape as much as surface mining and allows minerals to be taken out from deeper underground |
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Term
| Disadvantages of Deep Mining |
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Definition
| Dangerous to miners and is much more costly than surface mining |
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Term
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Definition
| The vegetation, soil and rocks lying over a mineral deposit. |
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Term
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Definition
| Piles of discarded rocks. |
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Term
| Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 |
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Definition
| Requires mining companies to replant vegetation on land that was strip-mined. |
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Term
| Advantages of Aquaculture |
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Definition
| Allows for sustainable harvesting of fish and shellfish can also be raised to clean local waters. |
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Term
| Disadvantages of Aquaculture |
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Definition
| The farm fish may invade native habitats and the fish may become crowded in the fish farm, leading to disease and waste. |
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Term
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Definition
| Resources on public land should be used for economic purposes. |
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Term
| Strict conservationist philosophy |
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Definition
| Public land shoule be protected from commercial ventures. |
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Term
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Definition
| Athorizes government agencies to identify and list endangered and threatened species. By law, tese species cannot be killed, hunted or injured in the United States |
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Term
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Definition
| A spread-out type of development (low population density) where cars are required to travel practically everywhere. It can be increased by cheap gasoline prices, abundent land or good highway systems. |
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