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| Proteins are formed when organic compounds called amino acids combine into long, chainlike molecular complexes. |
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| A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells. |
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| Any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. |
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| a special type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell to half the number of chromosomes in the parent cell. |
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| a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth. |
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| Metaphase is a stage of mitosis in the eukaryotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are at their second-most condensed and coiled stage. These chromosomes, carrying genetic information, align in the equator of the cell before being separated into each of the two daughter cells. |
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| the resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell, or between the first and second divisions of meiosis. |
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| an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner layer being folded inward to form layers |
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| the positively charged central core of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons and containing nearly all its mass. |
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| a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane. |
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| the death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development. |
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| an uncharged molecule (typically highly reactive and short-lived) having an unpaired valence electron. |
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| A mutation is a change in a DNA sequence. Mutations can result from DNA copying mistakes made during cell division, exposure to ionizing radiation, exposure to chemicals called mutagens, or infection by viruses. |
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| Oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) |
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| the enhancement of therapeutic or detrimental effect of ionizing radiation due to the presence of oxygen. |
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| damage to the structure of a biological molecule such as DNA, RNA, or protein. This damage may result in the reduction or absence of normal function, and in rare cases the gain of a new function. |
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| a round skin lesion with three concentric colour zones: A darker centre with a blister or crust. A ring around this that is paler pink and raised due to oedema (fluid swelling) A bright red outermost ring. |
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| linear energy transfer (LET) |
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| In dosimetry, linear energy transfer is the amount of energy that an ionizing particle transfers to the material traversed per unit distance. It describes the action of radiation into matter. It is identical to the retarding force acting on a charged ionizing particle travelling through the matter. |
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| the relation between an action and its effect on the environment.indirect actions intend to influence other people to decrease the impact on the environment. |
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| the concept in quantum mechanics that every particle or quantum entity may be described as either a particle or a wave. It expresses the inability of the classical concepts "particle" or "wave" to fully describe the behaviour of quantum-scale objects. |
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| law of Bergonié and Tribondeau |
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| A fundamental law of radiation biology that states that the radiosensitivity of a tissue is increased the greater the number of undifferentiated cells in the tissue, the greater the mitotic activity, and the greater the length of time that they are actively proliferating. |
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