Term
| 4 Major Classes of Organic Compounds |
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Definition
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids (fats)
Nucleic acids |
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Term
| What is the chemical building material for all living things that cells are made of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of the cell content does proteins make up? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are proteins responsible for? |
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Definition
Growth
Construction of new body tissue
Repair of injured/debilitated tissue |
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Term
| What percentage of the cell content does carbohydrates make up? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the primary source of energy for the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of the cell content do lipids make up? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Substances such as fats and fatty acids, oil, or wax that dissolve in alcohol but not in water |
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Term
| What percentage of the cell content do nucleic acids make up? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two types of nucleic acids are an important part to human cells? |
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Definition
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
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Term
| What are the 4 nitrogenous organic bases in DNA? |
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Definition
Adenine (A)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
Thymine (T) |
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Term
| What does the sequence of nitrogenous base pairs in DNA make? And what does it determine? |
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Definition
| Genetic code - determines a person's characteristics |
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Term
| What role does RNA play in relation to DNA and ribosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
RNA:
Single strand structure
Contains ribose
Has uracil
Performs different biologic functions
Short chain of nucleotides
DNA:
Double strand structure
Contains deoxyribose
Has thymine
Carries genetic information
Longer chain of nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| Tiny, rod-shaped bodies that appear to be long threadlike structures that become visible only in dividing cells |
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Term
| What are chromosomes composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many chromosomes is the typical human composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The DNA that makes up every chromosome is divided into many hundreds of segments or subunits |
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Term
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Definition
| Total amount of genetic material (DNA) contained within the chromosome of a human being |
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Term
| What do inorganic compounds not contain? |
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Definition
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Term
| Three categories of inorganic compounds |
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Definition
Inorganic acids
Inorganic bases
Salts (electrolytes) |
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Term
| What is the primary inorganic substance contained in the human body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the cell membrane? |
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Definition
| A frail, semipermeable, flexible structure encasing and surrounding the human cell |
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Term
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Definition
| The protoplasm that exists outside the cell's nucleus |
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Term
| What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)? |
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Definition
| Vast, irregular network of tubules and vesicles spreading and interconnecting in all directions throughout the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| "Powerhouse" of the cell, they supply energy for cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Any chemical reaction in which atoms lose electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| Very small, spherical organelles that attach to the endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| What forms the centrosome? |
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Definition
| Two centrioles coming together with some other special protein |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly specialized organelle that is the information-processing and administrative center of the living cell |
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Term
| What does the nucleus contain? |
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Definition
Semifluid protoplasm = nucleoplasm
Genetic/hereditary material (DNA)
Proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| Multiplication process where one cell divides to form two or more cells |
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Term
| What are the two types of cell divisions that occur in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Parent cell divides to form two daughter cells identical to the parent cell |
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Term
| What are the 4 subphases of mitosis? |
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Definition
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase |
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Term
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Definition
| Period of cell growth that occurs before actual mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| First phase of cell division - DNA begins to take structural form |
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Term
| What happens in metaphase? |
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Definition
| Fibers form between the centrioles |
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Term
| What happens in anaphase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in telophase? |
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Definition
| Chromatids undergo changes in appearance by uncoiling and becoming long, loosely spiraled threads |
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Term
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Definition
| Special type of cell division that reduces the munger of chromosomes in each daughter cell to half the number of chromosomes in the parent cell |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the undifferentiated germ cells that can give rise to oocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| A female reproductive cell ultimately capable of developing into an individual after fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| An immature egg cell that matures during the menstrual cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| An egg cell that results from the second mitotic division of an oocyte |
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Term
| What is linear energy transfer (LET) |
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Definition
| The average energy deposited per unit length of track |
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Term
| What are examples of low-LET radiation? |
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Definition
X-rays
Gamma rays
Electrons |
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Term
| What are examples of high-LET radiation? |
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Definition
Alpha particles
Ions of heavy nuclei
Charges particles released from interactions between neutrons and atoms |
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Term
| What is the definition of direct action? |
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Definition
| Biologic damage occurs as a result of ionization of atoms on essential molecules produced by straight interaction with the incident radiation |
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Term
| What is the definition of indirect action? |
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Definition
| Multistage process that first involves the production of free radicals that are created by the interaction of the radiation with water (H2O) molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| The loss or change of a base in the DNA chain |
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Term
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Definition
| A nonmitotic, or nondivision, form of cell death that occurs when cells die without attempting division during the interphase portion of the cell life cycle |
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Term
| What are 3 possible reasons for mitotic delay? |
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Definition
Alteration of a chemical involved in mitosis
Proteins required for cell division not being synthesized
A change in the rate of DNA synthesis after irradiation |
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Term
| What is the cell survival curve? |
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Definition
| Classic method of displaying the sensitivity of a particular type of cell to radiation |
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Term
| What does the law of Bergonié and Tribondeau state? |
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Definition
| The radiosensitivity of cells is directly proportional to their reproductive activity and inversely proportional to their degree of differentiation |
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