Term
| Participating in illegal behavior by a minor who falls under a statutory age limit is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The power of the state to act on the behalf of the child and provide care and protection equivalent to that of a parent is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is a Part I offense. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tendency for youth to reduce the frequency of their offending behavior as they age is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Youths that have been arrested four or more times would be considered a |
|
Definition
| Chronic Juvenile Offender |
|
|
Term
| The view that youths engage in delinquent behavior or criminal behavior due physical and physiological attributes is found in what theory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is the idea that delinquents manifest physical anomalies that make them biologically and physiologically similar to our primitive ancestors, savage throwbacks to an earlier stage of human evolution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Behaviorists believe that learning and social experiences, coupled with values and expectations, determine behavior. The theory is known as the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Condition that exists where the wealthy and poor live in close proximity to each other is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is formed when youths develop a firm sense of who they are and what they stand for. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to Erik Erikson, role diffusion occurs when youths: |
|
Definition
| Develop a firm sense of who they are and what they stand for |
|
|
Term
| A family style wherin the father is the final authority on all family matters and exercises complete control over his wife and children is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These allowed for the appointment of overseers to place destitute or neglected children as servants in the homes of the affluent, where they were trained in agricultural, trade, or domestic services. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Under the ____ movement, children were placed in the care of adults who trained them in specific skills. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ Act of the early 19th Century limited the hours children were permitted to work and the age at which they could behind to work. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements best describes the child savers? |
|
Definition
| They lobbied for separate legal status for children |
|
|
Term
| "________" minors is the original early designation of youths who violate the law because of their minority status. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parents may be held civilly responsible for the conduct of their minor children, under the concept of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is a Part I offense? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A major problem about the National Crime Victimization Survery (NCVS) is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In 2008, juveniles were responsible for about ___ percent of all arrests for violent crimes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For which of the following acts are females more likely than males to be taken into custody? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following has b een linked with high-rate persistent offending in variety of cultures, time periods and offender types? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Early and repeated delinquency is the best predictor of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wolfgang reported that the ______ were responsible for 52 percent of all offenses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to choice theorists, offenders: |
|
Definition
| Are rational actors who choose to crime because they believe their actions will be beneficial |
|
|
Term
| According to ____ theory, delinquency is a function of personal predispositions usch as temperament, personality, hormones, of genetics. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ philosophers Beccaria and Bentham are identified as the core theorists of classical criminology. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ theory views crime as a "normal" function modern living |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The volume and distribution of predatory crimes in a particular area and at a particular time is influenced by the interaction of three variables. Which of the following is not one of these variables? |
|
Definition
| The absence of law enforcement |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements about situational crime prevention is ture? |
|
Definition
| They are based on the fear of the severity, swiftness, and certainty of punishments |
|
|
Term
| A geographic location that is known to be the scene of repeated delinquent activity is called a: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Research which links antisocial behavior to a person's diet draws from which theoretical perspective? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not a symptom of ADHD? |
|
Definition
| The individual has difficulty regulating emotions |
|
|
Term
| ____ hold that children will model their behavior according to the reactions they receive from others. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| People commit crimes when they model their behavior after others they see being rewarded for the same acts; behavior is reinforced by rewards and extinguished by punishment. Which of the following theories does this best illustrate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not one of the critical social factors believed to affect delinquent behaviors presented in the text? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is the process of passing on deviant traditions and delinquent values from one from one generation to the next |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The concept of social disorganization was first recognized by sociologists: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to Robert Merton, individuals without acceptable means for obtaining success experience: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "Delinquency is a result of youths' desire to conform to lower-class neighborhood values that conflict with those of the large society." This statement most closely reflects: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what theory assumes that all people have the potential to commit crimes but are kept in check by their attachments to society? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is restorative justice? |
|
Definition
| A non-punitive strategy based on healing, is concerned with the offender taking responsibility for his actions, seeks to return the offender to the community as a full productive member |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following choices best describes the over pathway? |
|
Definition
| Escalates to aggressive acts beginning with aggression, leading to physical fighting and then to violence |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following identified as the two critical turning points according Sampson and Laub? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____ holds that commitment and attachment to conventional institutions, activities, and beliefs insulate youths from the delinquency-producing influences in their environment; children who cannot form prosocial bonds in their family are at risk for being exposed to deviant attitudes and behaviors. |
|
Definition
| Differential social control theory |
|
|
Term
| In Laub and Sampson's follow up of the Glueck study, when participants in their 60s and 70s were asked what the most important element for going straight was, they replied: |
|
Definition
| The "knifing off" of individuals from their immediate environment |
|
|
Term
| According to ______, women who commit crimes have biological and psychological traits similar to men. |
|
Definition
| The masculinity hypothesis |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following best describes Lombroso's view of female criminality? |
|
Definition
| In appearance, delinquent females appeared close to men than to other women |
|
|
Term
| Freud contends that females suffer from _____, which produces an inferiority complex in girls, forcing them to compensate for their "defect." |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Girls who reach puberty at an earlier age were viewed as being at a higher risk for delinquency because: |
|
Definition
| They had more contact with older boys |
|
|
Term
| According to the _____ feminist view, male exploitation acts as a trigger for female delinquent behavior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is least likely to live in a two-parent household? |
|
Definition
| A White non-hispanic child |
|
|
Term
| About 90 percent of day care providers: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following best describes a blended family? |
|
Definition
| Nuclear families that are the produce of divorce and remarriage. |
|
|
Term
| Large families may suffer from ___ when resources are spread too thin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is manifested by constant criticism and rejection of the child by the parents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A _____ is a lawyer appointed by the court to look after the interests of those who do not have the capacity to assert their own rights. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small groups of friends who share activities and confidences |
|
|
Term
| Co-offending is defined as: |
|
Definition
| The tendency to commit delinquent acts in small groups rather than alone |
|
|
Term
| According to ____ theory, deliqnuents are as detached from their peers as they are from other elements of society. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In some instances, a peer group provides the social and emotional basis for antisocial activity. When this happens: |
|
Definition
| A clique is transformed into a gang |
|
|
Term
| Previously impoverished inner-city districts of major cities such as New York and Chicage are now quite fashionable and expensive, devoted to finance, retail stores, high-priced condos, and entertainment. Which of the following statements best describes an aspect of this development that inhibits urban gang formation? |
|
Definition
| There are few residential areas and thus few adolescent recruits |
|
|
Term
| Today, more than 90 percent of school-aged children attend school, compared to only ____ percent in 1890. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following groups is reported have the highest percentage of dropouts in 2007? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Over time the overall drop out rate is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Marvin Wolfgang's Philadelphia cohort study, those who were more likely to become involved in chronic delinquency: |
|
Definition
| Had few disciplinary actions compared to nonoffenders |
|
|
Term
| Cohen contends that delinquency among lower class youths is a result of their poor preparation and socialization to function is schools. According to Cohen they essntially failed to live up to: |
|
Definition
| Middle-class measuring rods |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is the most powerful stimulant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The main active ingredient in marijuana is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Crack is manufactured by using ______ to remove hydrochlorides to create crystaline form of cocaine that can be smoked. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most widely used drug amongst teenagers is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deprived from opium, ___ is the most used narcotic in the United States |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which state was the first to develop probation as a disposition of the court? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prior to the creation of the juvenile court, how were juveniles who violated the law treated? |
|
Definition
| They were treated as an adult |
|
|
Term
| In 1817 prominent New Yorkers formed the ___, which viewed the moral training of youths from the dangerous classes as inadequate |
|
Definition
| Society for the Prevention of Pauperism |
|
|
Term
| The most prominent of the care facilities developed by the child savers was the _____, which opened in 1825. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The doctrine of _____ allowed justice officials to place youths restrictive settings, for the youth's own good, and without the legal protections afforded by the adult criminal justice system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Handling juvenile offenders can produce major ____ for policel they may experience a tension between their desire to perform what they consider their primary duty, law enforcement, and the need to aid in the rehabilitation of youthful offenders. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It is estimated that __ percent of al ljuvenile arrests are handled informally within the police department or referred to a community service agency. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements about police informants is true? |
|
Definition
| They share information with police in exchange for money or special treatment |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is the legal standard that allows the police to make an arrest for felonies they did not witness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Crimes such as murder, rape, and ___ are felonies. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the text, ___ percent of all juvenile court population was made up of African American youth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In 1989, the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 was amended to prohibit: |
|
Definition
| The placement of juveniles in adult lockups and jails |
|
|
Term
| The most damaging criticism has been that diversion programs are involving children in the juvenile justice system who previously would have been released without official notice. This is referred to as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ___ is the report made by the polcie or some other agency to the court to initiate the intake process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once the agency makes a decision that judicial disposition is required, a ____ is filed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Murray and Cox report there is a _____, a reduction in the number of arrests per year, following release from a secure treatment facility. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is the primary form of correctional treatment used by the juvenile justice system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In 2005, formal probation accounted for about ___ of all juvenile dispositions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is a contract between the court and the juvenile |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ are rules mandating that a juvenile on probation behave in a particular way, and can include restitution, counseling, and educational and vocational programs |
|
Definition
|
|
