Term
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Definition
scientific study
behavior
mental processes |
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Term
| Structuralism vs. Functionalism |
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Definition
Structuralism: introspection
Functionalism: mental and behavioral processes |
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Term
| Psychoanalytical/Psychodynamic Perspective |
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Definition
unconcious mind
sex
aggression
childhood |
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Term
| Biological/ Neuroscience Perspective |
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Definition
heredity
biochemistry (brain) |
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Term
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Definition
biological
psychological
social-cultural |
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Term
| Industrial/Organizational Psychologist |
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Definition
employees
work environment
consumers |
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Term
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Definition
"Father of Psychology"
first psych lab |
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Term
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Definition
| studies behavior and mental processes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| biological vs. environment |
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Term
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Definition
everything is learned
only observable behavior
reinforcements and punishments |
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Term
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Definition
love and acceptance
growth potential
free will |
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Term
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Definition
how mind works
mental interpretation |
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Term
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Definition
| studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders |
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Definition
| studies criminal behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| helps athletes do their best |
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Term
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Definition
| can prescribe medicine to patients |
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Term
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Definition
integrates principles
organizes
predicts behavior or events |
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Term
| Independent Variable vs. Dependent Variable |
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Definition
IV: manipulated factor
DV: factor that changes in response to IV |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
equal chance
randomly assigned |
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Term
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Definition
| does not receive treatment in experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| the experimenter's expectations affect the results |
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Definition
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Definition
| produces consistent results under consistent conditions |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
statistical measure
relationship between two variables |
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Term
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Definition
gather information
random sample |
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Term
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Definition
| how likely it occurred by chance |
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Definition
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Definition
| repeating the essence of a study in different situations |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Single blind vs. Double blind |
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Definition
Single blind: participant doesn't know, experimenter does
Double blind: participant and experimenter don't know who gets what |
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Term
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Definition
| tool measures what it claims to measure |
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Term
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Definition
| visual distribution from highest to lowest |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| rules to follow in experiments |
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Term
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Definition
| manipulating one more more variables to observe the effect |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| x-rays look for brain damage |
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Term
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Definition
records electrical waves
brain activity |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
sensory neurons
motor neurons |
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Term
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Definition
controls body's skeletal muscles
not automatic |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
calms body
conserves energy |
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Term
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Definition
touch
spatial relationships |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
magnetic waves
brain damage |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
arouses body
stressful situations
fight or flight |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
movement
judgement
thinking
personality |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
hunger
thirst
motivation
sex drive |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
left hemisphere
understanding speech |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| receives messages from other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| insulates and speeds up messages |
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Term
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Definition
chemicals
carry message across synapse |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals released to blood stream |
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Term
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Definition
secrete hormones
stressful and emotional situations |
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Term
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Definition
neural system
emotions and drives |
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Term
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Definition
| brain's ability to modify itself after injury of illness |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| long single extension of a neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| space between two neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| leftover neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| slow chemical communication |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
detecting physical energy from environment
converting into neural signals |
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Term
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Definition
minimum difference between two stimuli
required for detection |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
expands and contracts
changes size of pupil |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses light rays on retina |
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Term
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Definition
rods: detect black, white, and gray
cones: detect detail and color
both on retina |
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Term
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Definition
receive messages from photoreceptors
transmit them to ganglion cells |
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Term
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Definition
| converge to form optic nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| optic nerve leaves eye because there are no receptor cells |
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Term
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Definition
| where transduction occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| body positioning and movement |
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Term
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Definition
take in through senses
go up to brain |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| minimum stimulation needed to detect stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| transformation of stimulus energy into neural impulses |
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Term
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Definition
transparent tissue
light enters |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| processes sensory information |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| takes neural impulse to brain |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
perception based on previous experiences
starts in brain, goes to senses |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| awareness of ourselves and environment |
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Term
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Definition
sleep and wakefulness
biological clock |
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Term
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Definition
rapid eye movements
when dreaming occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| persistent inability to fall asleep |
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Term
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Definition
| failure to breathe when asleep |
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Term
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Definition
| sudden arousal from sleep with intense fear |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| symbolic meanings of dreams |
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Term
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Definition
| slow down central nervous systems |
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Term
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Definition
| speed up central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| not knowing or perceiving |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs' effects are diminished with frequent use |
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Term
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Definition
| need something for your body |
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Term
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Definition
not dreaming
varying degrees |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience |
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Term
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Definition
| pair up two stimuli that aren't really connected |
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Term
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Definition
| something that elicits a response |
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Term
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Definition
| causes automatic response |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| taught through association |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| if US doesn't follow CS, CR will go away |
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Term
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Definition
| things similar to CS will cause same response |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to distinguish between CS and other stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| rewarded behavior is likely to occur again |
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Term
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Definition
| voluntary learning through reinforcements and punishment |
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Term
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Definition
desirable stimulus
reward behavior
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Term
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Definition
take away something bad
reward behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| need to have: food, water, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| aversive event that decreases event that it follows |
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Term
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Definition
rewards and punishment
guide to certain behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforces response after specified number of responses |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| unpredictable amount of responses |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| learning remains hidden until necessary |
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Term
| Observational learning (modeling) |
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Definition
| behavior learned by observation |
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Term
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Definition
bad things keep happening
just give up |
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Term
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Definition
classical conditioning
dog experiment |
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Term
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Definition
observational learning
Bobo doll |
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Term
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Definition
rats
lever
food
Skinner box |
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Term
|
Definition
strengthens behavior it follows
increases likelihood of repeating |
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Term
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Definition
persistence of learning over time
storage and retrieval |
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Term
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Definition
| putting information into memory |
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Term
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Definition
| storing information in memory |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model |
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Definition
stages of memory
sensory, short-term, long-term |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| if important and/or actively processed |
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Term
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Definition
stored forever
infinite capacity |
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Term
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Definition
organizing items
familiar, managable unit |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| personally experience events |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| organizes and interprets information |
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Term
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Definition
clear memories
emotional significant moments or events |
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Term
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Definition
| identify an item amongst other choices |
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Term
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Definition
| retrieve information using effort |
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Term
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Definition
good memory for first and last items on a list
middle forgotten |
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Term
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Definition
Proactive: old information interferes with new learning
Retroactive: new learning interferes with old information |
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Term
|
Definition
knowing
thinking
understanding
remembering
communicating |
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Term
|
Definition
produce ideas that are novel and valuable
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Term
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Definition
| smallest distinctive sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest meaningful sounds |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
apply rules to every part of language
(goes, goed) |
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Term
| Linguistic relativity hypothesis |
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Definition
| languages determines the way we think |
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Term
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Definition
| incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event |
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Term
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Definition
| committing information with conscious effort |
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Term
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Definition
unconsciously
space, time, frequency |
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Term
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Definition
spontaneously utter various sounds
4 months old |
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Term
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Definition
one word at a time
one year old |
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Term
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Definition
two word sentences
before 2nd year |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
repression
banishes unpleasant things from memory
defense mechanism |
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Term
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Definition
| motivation arises from imbalances in homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
| physiological state created by imbalance in homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
aroused tension state triggered by need
prompted to take action |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior is directed towards obtaining desirable stimuli/avoiding negative stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| normal weight person continuously loses weight but still feels overweight |
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Term
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Definition
| overeating followed by vomiting, laxatives, fasting, or exessive exercise |
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Term
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Definition
motivated internally
because you like to do it |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| physiological activity precedes emotional experience |
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Term
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Definition
| physiological and emotion happen simultaneously |
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Term
| Schacter-Singer (two factor) |
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Definition
| physiological+cognitive=emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| circumstance that threatens well-being |
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Term
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Definition
competitive
hard-driving
impatient
verbally aggressive
anger prone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| study of optimal human functioning |
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Term
| Maslow's hierarchy of needs |
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Definition
1. physiological needs
2. safety
3. belongingness
4. esteem
5. self actualization |
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Term
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Definition
hypothalamus alters weight
keeps weight at given point |
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Term
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Definition
genitals engorged with blood
vagina becomes lubricated |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
contractions all over body
increase in breathing, pulse, and blood pressure
sexual release |
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Term
| Resolution (refractory period) |
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Definition
genitals release blood
women resolve slower
"reload" |
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Term
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Definition
| person's preference for emotional and sexual relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| keep physiological needs stable |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| compare people in different stages |
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Term
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Definition
| optimal period for development |
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Term
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Definition
organs begin to form and function
14 days |
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Term
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Definition
chemicals or viruses
enter placenta
harm fetus |
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Term
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Definition
mother drinks during pregnancy
causes birth defects |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Primary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| directly connected to reproduction |
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Term
| Secondary sex characteristics |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
no longer have period
estrogen levels drop |
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Term
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Definition
| add new information to current schema |
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Term
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Definition
| create a whole new schema |
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Term
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Definition
birth-2
experience world through senses |
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Term
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Definition
| objects still exist when out of sight |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| only see world through one's own eyes |
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Term
| Concrete operational stage |
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Definition
7-11
think logically about concrete events |
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Term
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Definition
| volume, mass, value doesn't change when shape changes |
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Term
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Definition
12+
abstract thinking
use symbols and imagined realities |
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Term
| Preconventional (moral development) |
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Definition
up to age 9
avoid punishment/gain reward |
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Term
| Conventional (moral development) |
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Definition
early adolescence
rules upheld for own sake |
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Term
| Postconventional (moral development) |
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Definition
people's agreed upon rights
personally perceived ethical principles |
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Term
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Definition
emotional bonds
secure= feel safe and loved
insecure= don't feel safe |
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Term
| Authoritarian parenting style |
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Definition
| parents impose rules and expect obedience |
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Term
| Authoritative parenting style |
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Definition
| parents are demanding but responsive to children |
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Term
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Definition
| characteristics associated with being male or female |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| show characteristics of both sexes |
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Term
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Definition
| development occurs in sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| first thing seen is associated with being the mother |
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Term
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Definition
| pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting |
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Term
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Definition
not deep
just below awareness |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ways to handle stressful situations |
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Term
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Definition
| banish worrying thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| shift impulses to more acceptable object or person |
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Term
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Definition
| act opposite of how you feel |
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Term
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Definition
0-18 months
pleasure centers on mouth |
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Term
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Definition
18-36 months
learning to control bowels
Anal-retentive= obsessed with cleanliness
Anal-expulsive= messy, carefree |
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Term
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Definition
3-6
pleasure zone in genitals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| maturation of sexual interests |
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Term
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Definition
| shared experiences by a culture/community |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Unconditional positive regard |
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Definition
| acceptance of others despite their failures |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to complete tasks and reach goals |
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Term
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Definition
internal= we control our own fate
external= chances or outside forces determine our fate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Projective personality test |
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Definition
Rorschach, TAT
reveal one's personality |
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Term
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Definition
| unconscious motives and conflicts |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| feel inferior to someone else |
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Term
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Definition
| celebrate positive aspects |
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Term
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Definition
| test is same for everyone |
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Term
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Definition
| expected behavior in society |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Stanford-Binet intelligence test |
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Definition
measures intelligence
intelligence quotient formula |
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Term
| Weschler intelligence test |
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Definition
| measures overall intelligence |
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Term
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Definition
| identifies clusters of related items on a test |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions |
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Term
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Definition
ratio of mental age to chronological age
IQ= mental age/chronological age x 100 |
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Term
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Definition
| distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| symptoms appear with no physical cause |
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Term
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Definition
| conscious awareness is separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| delusions and hallucinations |
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Term
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Definition
| behaviors that impair social functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| sense of impending doom or danger |
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Term
| Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) |
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Definition
| constant worrying or obsession |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) |
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Definition
| need for exactness and order |
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Term
| Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
| flashbacks, easily startled |
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Term
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Definition
| believe symptoms are signs of serious illness |
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Term
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Definition
| experience symptoms without psychological basis |
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Term
| Dissociative identitity disorder |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| disruptions or breakdowns of memory |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Depression (major depressive disorder) |
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Definition
| significantly depressed mood |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Disorganized schizophrenia |
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Definition
disorganized thinking and behavior
inappropriate reactions |
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Term
|
Definition
disturbances of movement
repetitive imitations |
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Term
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Definition
function better than other types
delusions |
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Term
|
Definition
| loss of contact with reality |
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Term
|
Definition
| believing things that aren't true |
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Term
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Definition
| perceptions that seem real |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
obsessed with yourself
actually insecure |
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Term
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Definition
| long term patterns of unstable emotions |
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Term
|
Definition
| way of thinking and relating to others is abnormal |
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Term
|
Definition
| describes psychological disorders |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| schizophrenia is caused by excessive amounts of dopamine |
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Term
|
Definition
| schizophrenia is caused by stress + life experiences |
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Term
| Positive symptoms (schizophrenia) |
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Definition
| hallucinations, delusions, etc. |
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Term
| Negative symptoms (schizophrenia) |
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Definition
| lacking positive attributes |
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Term
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Definition
| say whatever comes to mind |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| letting out hidden feelings/memories |
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Term
| Systematic desensitization |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Aversion therapy/ aversive conditoning |
|
Definition
| pair something bad with behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| challenge irrational thoughts |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that treats bipolar disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| electro compulsive therapy (depression) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| how we think about, influence, and relate to one another |
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Term
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Definition
| exert less effort in a group |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of self-awareness (mob mentality) |
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Term
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Definition
| perform better when others are watching |
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Term
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Definition
| attitudes get stronger when around people with same attitude |
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Term
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Definition
| bystanders are less likely to help if others are present |
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Term
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Definition
| unselfish regard for others |
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Term
| Fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| blame person more than situation |
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Term
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Definition
take credit for good
blame others for bad |
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Term
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Definition
| belief that leads to its own fulfillment |
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Term
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Definition
| belief based on few examples |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| unjustifiable negative behavior towards a group |
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Term
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Definition
| blame innocent people for problems |
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Term
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Definition
| your own culture is superior |
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Term
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Definition
karma
people get what they deserve |
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Term
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Definition
| adjusting behavior to a group standard |
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Term
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Definition
| agree to small requests then larger requests |
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Term
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Definition
| repeated exposure increases attraction |
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Term
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Definition
| physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| geographic nearness increases attraction |
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