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Judaism
history of judaism
71
Religious Studies
Undergraduate 1
10/12/2009

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Term
Abul'Barakat al Baghdadi
Definition
d. 1170. An important Muslim physicist, philosopher, and scientist who critiqued Aristolean physics.
Term
Achaemenids
Definition
Cyrus the Great gave Jews the right to return to their homeland. The Jews were culturally affected by this Empire, even adopting Aramaic. They rose to high levels in the Achaemind court.
Term
Ahura Mazd
Definition
God of Zorastrianism
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Amora'im
Definition
rabbis quoted in the Gemara
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Angra Mainyu
Definition
Destructive Spirit in Zorastrianism
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Anon Ben David
Definition
Leader of the Karaite movement which belived that the Talmud (Oral Torah) was not divinely inspired.
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Aramaic
Definition
semetic language adopted during Acheminids Empire reign
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Assyrians
Definition
overran the Northern part of Israel during Isiah's prophethood (722 BC). Marked the beginning of the Jewish Diaspora. Were eventually conqured by the Babylonians.
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Avesta
Definition
primary collection of sacred texts in Zorastrianism religion
Term
B'rith Milah
Definition
covenant of the circumsicion. Jew boys must get this b/c its an outward sign of acceptance of the covenant.
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Babylon
Definition
In 587 BC, Babylonians conquered Judah and Jerusalem and sent the Jews into exile.
Term
Cannanites
Definition
They were living on the land that had been promised to the Israelites in the Covenant.
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Covenant
Definition
Moses recieved the covenant on Mt Sinai. This was an agreement between God and His Chosen People in which God promised spiritual and temporal blessings if they promised to worship God.
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Decalogue
Definition
a series of commandments that occurs twice, almost verbatim in the Hebrew Bible. Some scholars believe it to be the essence of the Torah.
Term
Exilarch
Definition
refers to the leaders of the Diaspora community after exile by the Babylonian Empire.
Term
Exile
Definition
The Babylonian Exile was a traumatic moment in Jewish history. It resulted in the destruction of the politcal independence of the community.
Term
Exodus
Definition
refers to the flight from Egyptian slavery. The Exodus forms the basis of the Jewish holiday of Passover.
Term
Gathas
Definition
written by Zoraster, five groups embedded in a larger collection liturgical hymns called the Yasna
Term
Hanukkah
Definition
celebrates Judah's entrance into Jerusalem and restored the Profaned Temple.
Term
Haskalah
Definition
a movement in the late 18th century that advocated adopting englightment values, better integration into European society and increased education in secular studies. Marked the beginning of a wider engagment in secular world.
Term
Ibn Gabirol
Definition
d. 1070
Leader of the Rationalist movement
Term
Isaiah
Definition
an 8th century BC prophet whose job was to tell the people not to turn their backs to God.
Term
Jeremiah
Definition
one of the prophets of the Hebrew Bible and author of the Book of Lamentations. God appointed him to confront Judah and Jerusalem for violating the covenant.
Term
Joshua
Definition
a Judean priest who bribed Antiochus to make him high priest, offering him both money and a promise to Hellenize the State. He introduced gymnasium which offended Jews b/c it forced them to be naked
Term
Judah
Definition
Southern Kingdom of Israel which existed until about 587 BCE when the Babylonians conquered it.
Term
Judah ha Nasi
Definition
was a key leader of the Jewish community towards the end of the 2nd century. He was an editor of the Mishna.
Term
Kabbalah
Definition
a part of the Jewish Mysticism movement. They emphasized the importance of an inner life and an intimate relationship with God. They believed that the Rabbis put too much emphasis on dry book centered theology.
Term
Karaites
Definition
founded in the late 8th century by Anon ben David. This movement believed that the Bible was the sole religious authority and the Rabbis were fradulent.
Term
Kosher
Definition
Term
Maccabees
Definition
were a Jewish rebel group who liberated Judea from Seleucid Empire. Their rule reasstered Jewish religion and they expanded boundaries reducing the influence of Hellenization.
Term
Marranos
Definition
Sephardic Jews who were forced to convert to Catholicism.
Term
Messiah
Definition
refers to a leader whom God will send down in the future to lead the forces of good in a battle against evil
Term
Midrash
Definition
a way of interpreting Biblical stories that goes beyond simple distillation of legal or moral knowledge. It fills in the many gaps left in left in Biblical narrative regarding events
Term
Mishna
Definition
a collection of laws covering every field in which rabbis have legal authority.
Term
Mitzvah
Definition
refers to the commandments in the Torah. Has also come to express an act of kindness
Term
Musa ibn Mayum
Definition
12th century scholar who was highly educated in religious law and how it relates to contemporary intellectual life. Wrote The Guide for the Perplexed.
Term
Pantheism
Definition
the view that everything is a part of an all encompassing God. God and Nature are one.
Term
Pantheon
Definition
all the gods of a religion
Term
Parsiism
Definition
an Indian sect of Zorastriansim
Term
Patriarch
Definition
Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are the Patriachs of the Jewish religion
Term
Pentateuch
Definition
the name of the first five books of the Old Testament
Term
Pessah
Definition
a Jewish holiday commorating the Jewish freedom from Egyptian slavery. The holiday is celebrated with a Seder dinner. During the eight days of the holiday, it is forbidden to eat leaven bread.
Term
Pharisees
Definition
a liberal sect of Judaism, who appealed to those living after the Diaspora. They wanted to make the law livable, thus they were very ritualistic
Term
Philistines
Definition
a group that inhabited the Promised Land. They were in perpetual war with the Israelites, until King David defeated them.
Term
Philo
Definition
Harmonize Greek philosophy with Jewish teachings. Believed in double truth and allegorical meaning in the Bible (ie. Adam and Eve story should not be taken in the literal sense, but metaphorical)
Term
Ptolemy
Definition
under his rule, Jews thrived. He did not intrude in their affairs. The Jews at this point had become so Hellenized that they were legally regarded as Hellens. For this reason, the Hebrew Bible was translated into Greek.
Term
Synagogue
Definition
After the destruction of the Temple, the synagogue became the main Jewish place of worship. Torah recitation and communal prayers were done here.
Term
Rabbi
Definition
after the Babylonian Diaspora, a new breed of religious intellectuals was formed. They were learned teachers who assembled to codify religious law
Term
Reconstructionism
Definition
a movement that promotes many traditional Jewish practices, while holding that secular Western morality takes precendence over Jewish law. Thus mitzvah are "folkways," non-binding customs that can be accepted or rejected by the community.
Term
Purim
Definition
a Jewish holiday that commemorates Jewish deliverance from Haman's plot to annhilate them.
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Purim
Definition
a Jewish holiday that commemorates Jewish deliverance from Haman's plot to annhilate them.
Term
Rosh Hashanah
Definition
commonly refered to as the Jewish New Year, it comemorates the creation of the world.
Term
Sudducees
Definition
the conservative movement after the Diaspora. It appealed to institutions before the Diaspora. They were intimately connected to the Temple, read laws literally and rejected a belief in life after death.
Term
Sameul
Definition
a leader of ancient Israel. He is viewed as the last of the Hebrew Judges and the first major prophet.
Term
Sasinids
Definition
was the last of the pre-islamic persian empire. The Talmud was greatly developed under their rule.
Term
Reconquista
Definition
during the Middle Ages, several Christian Kingdoms retook lands from the Iberian Pennisula from the Muslims. Non-Christians under Christian rule were heavily taxed and had nomial rights.
Term
Seder
Definition
a Jewish ritual feast which marks the beginning of Passover.
Term
Seleucus
Definition
one of Alexander the Great's generals, the Hellenization of the Orient was greatly furthered by him. In all cities, Jews were given full civil rights.
Term
Septuangint
Definition
Greek version of the Hebrew Bible
Term
Sinai
Definition
the Mountain on which Moses received the covenant.
Term
Spenta Mainyu
Definition
an aspect of the Wise Lord himself, he protects many realms including the sky, water, earth and plants.
Term
Sosyant
Definition
the Messiah that will battle the forces of evil at the end of time.
Term
Talmud
Definition
the Talmud is the commentary of the Mishna.
Term
Tanna'im
Definition
The rabbis whose views are quoted in the Mishna.
Term
Tenakh
Definition
a name for the Hebrew Bible in Rabbanic Judaism. The Tenakh consists of 24 books.
Term
Theism
Definition
belief in higher being or beings
Term
Torah
Definition
refers to the Five Books of Moses. Ascribes authorship to Moses who was under divine inspiration
Term
Yom Kippur
Definition
the holiest day of the year for Jews who observe it by fasting and intensive prayer.
Term
Zionism
Definition
arising around the late 19th century, this movement aimed for the reestablishement of the Jewish people as a nation-state.
Term
Zoraster
Definition
prophet of Zorastrianism
Term
Sabbatians
Definition
a movement that believed that Rabbanic Judaism lacked religious depth. It had a strong messanic influence. They laid the foudations for later reforms.
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