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| d. 1170. An important Muslim physicist, philosopher, and scientist who critiqued Aristolean physics. |
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| Cyrus the Great gave Jews the right to return to their homeland. The Jews were culturally affected by this Empire, even adopting Aramaic. They rose to high levels in the Achaemind court. |
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| rabbis quoted in the Gemara |
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| Destructive Spirit in Zorastrianism |
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| Leader of the Karaite movement which belived that the Talmud (Oral Torah) was not divinely inspired. |
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| semetic language adopted during Acheminids Empire reign |
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| overran the Northern part of Israel during Isiah's prophethood (722 BC). Marked the beginning of the Jewish Diaspora. Were eventually conqured by the Babylonians. |
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| primary collection of sacred texts in Zorastrianism religion |
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| covenant of the circumsicion. Jew boys must get this b/c its an outward sign of acceptance of the covenant. |
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| In 587 BC, Babylonians conquered Judah and Jerusalem and sent the Jews into exile. |
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| They were living on the land that had been promised to the Israelites in the Covenant. |
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| Moses recieved the covenant on Mt Sinai. This was an agreement between God and His Chosen People in which God promised spiritual and temporal blessings if they promised to worship God. |
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| a series of commandments that occurs twice, almost verbatim in the Hebrew Bible. Some scholars believe it to be the essence of the Torah. |
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| refers to the leaders of the Diaspora community after exile by the Babylonian Empire. |
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| The Babylonian Exile was a traumatic moment in Jewish history. It resulted in the destruction of the politcal independence of the community. |
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| refers to the flight from Egyptian slavery. The Exodus forms the basis of the Jewish holiday of Passover. |
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| written by Zoraster, five groups embedded in a larger collection liturgical hymns called the Yasna |
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| celebrates Judah's entrance into Jerusalem and restored the Profaned Temple. |
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| a movement in the late 18th century that advocated adopting englightment values, better integration into European society and increased education in secular studies. Marked the beginning of a wider engagment in secular world. |
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d. 1070
Leader of the Rationalist movement |
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| an 8th century BC prophet whose job was to tell the people not to turn their backs to God. |
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| one of the prophets of the Hebrew Bible and author of the Book of Lamentations. God appointed him to confront Judah and Jerusalem for violating the covenant. |
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| a Judean priest who bribed Antiochus to make him high priest, offering him both money and a promise to Hellenize the State. He introduced gymnasium which offended Jews b/c it forced them to be naked |
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| Southern Kingdom of Israel which existed until about 587 BCE when the Babylonians conquered it. |
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| was a key leader of the Jewish community towards the end of the 2nd century. He was an editor of the Mishna. |
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| a part of the Jewish Mysticism movement. They emphasized the importance of an inner life and an intimate relationship with God. They believed that the Rabbis put too much emphasis on dry book centered theology. |
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| founded in the late 8th century by Anon ben David. This movement believed that the Bible was the sole religious authority and the Rabbis were fradulent. |
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| were a Jewish rebel group who liberated Judea from Seleucid Empire. Their rule reasstered Jewish religion and they expanded boundaries reducing the influence of Hellenization. |
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| Sephardic Jews who were forced to convert to Catholicism. |
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| refers to a leader whom God will send down in the future to lead the forces of good in a battle against evil |
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| a way of interpreting Biblical stories that goes beyond simple distillation of legal or moral knowledge. It fills in the many gaps left in left in Biblical narrative regarding events |
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| a collection of laws covering every field in which rabbis have legal authority. |
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| refers to the commandments in the Torah. Has also come to express an act of kindness |
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| 12th century scholar who was highly educated in religious law and how it relates to contemporary intellectual life. Wrote The Guide for the Perplexed. |
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| the view that everything is a part of an all encompassing God. God and Nature are one. |
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| all the gods of a religion |
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| an Indian sect of Zorastriansim |
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| Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are the Patriachs of the Jewish religion |
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| the name of the first five books of the Old Testament |
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| a Jewish holiday commorating the Jewish freedom from Egyptian slavery. The holiday is celebrated with a Seder dinner. During the eight days of the holiday, it is forbidden to eat leaven bread. |
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| a liberal sect of Judaism, who appealed to those living after the Diaspora. They wanted to make the law livable, thus they were very ritualistic |
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| a group that inhabited the Promised Land. They were in perpetual war with the Israelites, until King David defeated them. |
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| Harmonize Greek philosophy with Jewish teachings. Believed in double truth and allegorical meaning in the Bible (ie. Adam and Eve story should not be taken in the literal sense, but metaphorical) |
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| under his rule, Jews thrived. He did not intrude in their affairs. The Jews at this point had become so Hellenized that they were legally regarded as Hellens. For this reason, the Hebrew Bible was translated into Greek. |
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| After the destruction of the Temple, the synagogue became the main Jewish place of worship. Torah recitation and communal prayers were done here. |
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| after the Babylonian Diaspora, a new breed of religious intellectuals was formed. They were learned teachers who assembled to codify religious law |
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| a movement that promotes many traditional Jewish practices, while holding that secular Western morality takes precendence over Jewish law. Thus mitzvah are "folkways," non-binding customs that can be accepted or rejected by the community. |
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| a Jewish holiday that commemorates Jewish deliverance from Haman's plot to annhilate them. |
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| a Jewish holiday that commemorates Jewish deliverance from Haman's plot to annhilate them. |
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| commonly refered to as the Jewish New Year, it comemorates the creation of the world. |
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| the conservative movement after the Diaspora. It appealed to institutions before the Diaspora. They were intimately connected to the Temple, read laws literally and rejected a belief in life after death. |
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| a leader of ancient Israel. He is viewed as the last of the Hebrew Judges and the first major prophet. |
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| was the last of the pre-islamic persian empire. The Talmud was greatly developed under their rule. |
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| during the Middle Ages, several Christian Kingdoms retook lands from the Iberian Pennisula from the Muslims. Non-Christians under Christian rule were heavily taxed and had nomial rights. |
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| a Jewish ritual feast which marks the beginning of Passover. |
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| one of Alexander the Great's generals, the Hellenization of the Orient was greatly furthered by him. In all cities, Jews were given full civil rights. |
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| Greek version of the Hebrew Bible |
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| the Mountain on which Moses received the covenant. |
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| an aspect of the Wise Lord himself, he protects many realms including the sky, water, earth and plants. |
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| the Messiah that will battle the forces of evil at the end of time. |
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| the Talmud is the commentary of the Mishna. |
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| The rabbis whose views are quoted in the Mishna. |
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| a name for the Hebrew Bible in Rabbanic Judaism. The Tenakh consists of 24 books. |
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| belief in higher being or beings |
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| refers to the Five Books of Moses. Ascribes authorship to Moses who was under divine inspiration |
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| the holiest day of the year for Jews who observe it by fasting and intensive prayer. |
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| arising around the late 19th century, this movement aimed for the reestablishement of the Jewish people as a nation-state. |
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| a movement that believed that Rabbanic Judaism lacked religious depth. It had a strong messanic influence. They laid the foudations for later reforms. |
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