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| Mordechai Kaplan and Reconstructionist |
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| rejects supernaturalism, rejects chosen people, G-d is a force that makes salvation possible, Judaism as a civilization, he was banned from his own synagogue. |
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| Rabbi Shlomo Carlebach and Neo-Chassidut |
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| Natan Sharansky and the Soviet Jewry Movement |
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| Anatoly Sharansky put into prison |
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| an orthodox rabbi and radical, who preached that there was a need for Islam out of Israel. |
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| Rabbi Kook and Religious Zionism |
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| positive towards secular Zionists |
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| Achad H’am and Cultural Zionism |
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| needs a state of Jewry not an independent state |
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| Theodore Herzl and Political Zionism |
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| head of positive – historical Judaism/conservative |
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| Positive-Historical Judaism |
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| positive view of jewish law and critical reading of religious texts |
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| R. Moses Sofer (“Orthodoxy”) |
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| against changes to Judaism. New is forbidden. |
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| the synagogue of the jewish reform movement. |
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| jewish laws are guidelines and Judaism has to participate in the surrounding culture. |
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| E. European Chassidut (Pietist Movement) - Ba’al Shem Tov |
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| – loving and kindness. Prayer and joy. |
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| Jewish German Philosopher whose ideas influenced Haskalah and was the father of Reform Judaism. |
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| Baruch “Benedict” Spinoza |
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| he was for open minded view of the Bible, had to be read as itself. Considered heredical. |
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| wrote the examination of the traditions of the Pharisees. He was Christian. He was excommunicated. He was publically beaten for heretical views. After writing his autobiography he killed himself. |
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| father of contemporary Kabbalah |
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| the set table and the Code of Jewish Law |
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| a major contributor to Ashkenazi Jewry, commentator on the Talmud and Tanakh. Acclaimed for his ability to present the basic meaning of the text in a concise, lucid fashion, Rashi appeals to both learned scholars and beginning students, and his works remain a centerpiece of contemporary Jewish study. |
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| Rationalist approach and can be seen as a precursor to those of Spinoza. |
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| held that God does not have complete foreknowledge of human acts and limited omniscience. |
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| one of the greatest Hebrew Poets. Wrote the Kuzari. |
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| one of the most prolific Torah Scholars. Writer of the Misnah Torah and guide to the perplexed |
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| first rabbinic figure to write extensively in Arabic. He is know for his works on Halakha. |
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| were the presidents of the two great Babylonian, Talmudic Academies of Sura and Pumbedita, in the Abbasid Caliphate, and were the generally accepted spiritual leaders of the Jewish Community world wide in the early medieval era. |
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| commemorates the deliverance of the Jewish People in the ancient Persian Empire from destruction in the wake of a plot by Haman. |
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| is a biblical holiday on which Hebrews were commanded to make a pilgrimage to the Temple of Jerusalem. It deals with remembering the 40 years of travel in the Desert after the Exodus. |
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| holiest day of the year for Jewish People. It is the Day of Atonement. It is a 25 hour period of fasting and intensive prayer, often spending most of the day in synagogue services. |
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| is a Jewish Prayer Shawl. |
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| are a set of small black leather boxes containing scrolls of parchment inscribed with verses from the Torah, which are worm by observant Jews during weekday morning prayers. |
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| is a Jewish educational institution that focuses on the study of traditional religious texts, primarily the Talmud and Torah. |
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| the collective body of religious laws for Jews. Comes from the biblical law, Talmudic, and rabbinical law. |
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| the divine commandments as commanded by G-d. |
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| is a way of interpreting biblical stories that goes beyond simple distillation of religious, legal, or moral teachings. It fills in many gaps left in the biblical narrative regarding events and personalities that are only hinted at. |
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| chief redactor and editor of the Mishnah. |
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| one of the central and essential contributors to the Mishnah and Midrash. One of the founders of Rabbinical Judaism. |
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| Primary contributor to the Mishnah. |
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| killed many Jews. Looked to root out Judaism. He prohibited the Torah Law, the Hebrew Calendar, and executed Judaic scholars. He burned the sacred scroll at the Temple Mount. He banned the Jews to their capital and renamed Judea, Palestine. |
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| Bar Kochba Revolt (132-135 CE) |
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Definition
| led to the banning of Jews from Jerusalem. Named Judea Palestine. |
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| The Great Revolt (66-70 CE) |
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| First Jewish Roman War. Ended with Roman victory and the Destruction of the Temple. |
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| the document contains an explanation of the sect’s religious and moral ideals, a description of its admission ceremony, a long catechetical discourse on its mystical doctrine of the primordial spirits of truth and perversity, organizational and disciplinary statutes, and a final hymn or psalm praising obedience and setting forth and sacred seasons. |
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| part of the Dead Sea Scrolls, only Qumran document known before the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Found in Cairo Geniza. Made up of the Admonition and Laws. |
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| Jewish house of prayer. Not necessary for worship and not to replacing the destroyed Temple. |
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| He believed that literal interpretations of the Hebrew Bible would stifle mankind's view and perception of a G-d too complex and marvelous to be understood in literal human terms. |
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| fought against the Romans, but later joined them and became their translator. He would advise in the siege and destruction of the Second Temple. Gave us background on many Jewish sects and time of Jesus. |
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| sect of second temple Judaism that believed in communal life dedicated to asceticism, voluntary poverty, daily immersion, and abstinence of worldly pleasure. |
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| claimed prophetic or Mosaic authority for their interpretation of Jewish Laws. |
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| - a sect of Jews that were active in Judea during the Second Temple Period, they were associated with the upper social and economic echelon. Authority of Priestly Privileges. Only Believed in Written Torah. |
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| Hasmonean Revolt (165 BCE) |
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| the revolt by the Maccabeans against the Hasmonean Dynasty. Ended with the cleansing of the Temple. |
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| commemorating the rededication of the Holy Temple, in Jerusalem at the time of the Maccabean Revolt. |
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| are books concerned with the Maccabees, the leaders of the Jewish rebellion against the Seleucid Dynasty or relate subjects. |
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| Author of the deuterocanonical Wisdom of Sirach. Had a school in Alexandria. A work never accepted as part of the scriptural canon of Judaism. A collection of ethical teachings, applicable too all conditions of life. |
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| according to the Hebrew Bible, he returned from the Babylonian Exile and reintroduced the Torah in Jerusalem. |
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| Persian king, who allowed the Israelites to return to and rebuild Jerusalem. |
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| Exile of 10 Northern Tribes |
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| the tribes exiles by the Assyrians. They were Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun, and Joseph. |
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| is the authoritative Hebrew text of the Jewish Bible. It also defines the precise letter-text of these biblical books, with their vocalization and accentuation known as the Masorah. |
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| is a medieval bound manuscript of the Hebrew Bible. Thought to be the most authoritative document. Mainmonides consulted this document. |
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| spoken paraphrases, explanations, and expansions of Jewish scriptures given by a Rabbi. Also Aramaic Translations of the Bible. |
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| the first Latin Biblical Translation by Jerome. |
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| hidden texts or texts of questionable authenticity. Many of these are considered false or heretical. |
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