• break in relations between man and God
• breakdown in human relationships

1. covenant - circumcision
2. exile
3. laws

-Abraham is told to sacrifice Isaac

(Abraham's marries Sarah, provides Hagar)

• all starts with Abraham, his story is the reversal of Adam's failure

• Sarah's 11th son
• long-sleeved tunic
• becomes pharaoh's government minister

Rabbinic commentary based on biblical principal and law

(200-600 BCE)

Talmud 2 books

1. mishna - 613 commandments

6 categories: seeds, feasts, women, damages, holiness, ritual

2. gemarah - law interpretation

1. Saul - military hero, king of Hebrews
2. David - military hero, 2nd king of Hebrews

• defeats Philistines
• recaptures the city of Jerusalem
• retakes the Ark of the Covenant
• unites Israel and Judah kingdoms

3. Solomon - builds 1st temple in Jerusalem, peaceful reign (961-928 BCE), Israel and Jerusalem separate

• Israel

1. Amos - too much ritual
2. Hisea - unfaithful to God

• Judah

1. Isaish - ritual wont save you
2. Jeremiah - priest

1. Age of Diversity
2. The Formative Age
3. Classical Age
4. Modern Age

• 170 BCE
• Sryrians control Israel
• Zealous Hellenizers
• 167 BCE - claims Temple for Zeus, instead of God

1. Essences - mystics, live outside of Jerusalem
2. Pharisees - "interpreters" of scriptures, the working class of the Jews
3. Sadducees - "righteous ones"

1. Sephardin
2. Ashkenazin

• Jewish mysticism
• numerology, magiv, divination
• searched for clues to the Coming Messiah (in order to end suffering)

• ghettos, mysticism
• banished from Turkey
• returns to Turkey prison
• converts of Islamic religion

• advises Hebrews in order for them to live in large society
• leave ghettos, live among gentiles
• learn vernacular languages
• accepted into Berlin's Intellectual Elite