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| The world is experiencing a transformation in the ways people make and exchange information through electronic communications. In information societies, many workers are involved in creating and managinginfo rather than engaging in hard physical labor, which is increasingly automated. |
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| measure of memory size equal to 1,024 bytes. |
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| a program that tells to computer how to behave. DOS and windows, produced by microsoft, dominate the world market for operating systems. Mac is second, used by about 1/10 as microsoft. |
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| graphical user interface (GUI) |
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| arrangement on screen that imitates a desktop |
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| Information-based economoy |
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| the computer has paved the way for the development of the information-based economy which a large portion of the national product is accounted for through production of info for entertainment, investing, and economic decision making. |
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| computers that are connected by communication lines. may be connected within a restriced geographic area, such as labrotory in a mass comm network. this network is a local area network (LAN). the internet networks millions of computers worldwide through telephone lines and fiber-optic lines. |
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| only some people-for ex, those with higher income, education levels, or connections to institutions-will have access to digitized info as is found through computer networking. |
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| programming code that is freely available for anyone to use and manipulate. |
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| software programs accessed over the internet. SaaS provideers make money either through usage fees or advertising |
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| courts have rules people have a right to privacy, but sometimes that right conflicts with the need to find those who abuse access to free communication over the internet |
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| regulation in the info age |
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| in early days of internet, regulation was compared to law in the wild west- the wasnt much. as more people use the internet, pressures to make money increase, issues of security evolve, and regulation has grown. However, the extent and nature of internet regulation continues to be an issue in courts and legislatures and will be for years to come. |
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| shopping online is a growing trend that may change the retail industy world wide |
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| in the early 2000's new internet companies and new web apps emphasized greater interactivity and user contribution to content. Web 2.0 companies began to amass important databases of information. |
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| portable digital deviced have freed users from fixed comouters. With nomadic computing they can use mobile deviced to access computer networks from almost anywhere. |
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| some computer scientists envision a worlf in which the environment is saturated with computer chips. persuasive computing, also called ubiquitous computing, refers to the integration of chips and other digital technologies into ordinary objects. |
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| making ethical decisions has been a concern of journalists since at least the early 20th century, when many reporters wanted to be amoung the emerging groups of professionals. however, attemps to determine exactly what standards of conduct and moral judgement constitute ethical behavior have resaulted in a continuing debate rahter than absolute standards. |
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| pattern of behavior for disseminating information as news; incorporates values such as objectivity over partnership |
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| theoretical approaches to ethics |
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| the wide variety of theoretical approached to ethical decision making indicates how hard it is to create ethica lstandards that apply to all situations. some theorists argue that this is impossible, that decisions must be made within a specific context. others suggest that overarching rules can provide contexts within which specific circumstancescan be evaluated. |
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| code of ethics that allows no deviation from its rules. |
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| credibility as an economic incentive for ethics |
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| credibility, or a measurement of how trustworthy a journalist is, is not just an ethical issue but also an economic one. some critics believe that for a news organization to remain profitable over time, the public must think its credible. |
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| fundamental ethical standards |
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| although most individuals and groups agree on a few fundamental ethical standards, they often disagree about specifics and about whether fundamental standards are met. the commonly agreed-on standards are accuracy, fairness, balance, accurate representation, and truth. |
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| reporting facts without bias or prejuduce, including a deliberate attempt to avoid interpretation. |
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| along wit gov officials and other positions of respondibility, journalists are under pressure to avoid allowing personal activities or interests to interfere with their professional respondsibilities. journalists have an obligation to strive for unbiased coverage of an event or situation. |
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| many media organizations establish a code of ethics to standardize their employees' behavior in responce to events and to safeguard themselves against increased gov regulation. Guidelines remind employees that ethical standards are considered important to credibility, profit, and the god of society. |
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| person with an oranization who represents customers and investigates potentially unethical conduct of the organization and people within it. |
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| media ethicists have developed various moral reasoning processes that communication profesionals can use to help them make ethical decisions from a principled basis rather than be reacting intuitivly |
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| 1980's, many media companies went public (offered sales of stock to public) and became vulnerable to stockholder's demand for continuous profits. they found that talk shows featuring sensational topics could be produced inexpensvely and brouht high profits. Other sensational content also seems to attract viewers and readers. However, media companies are also under pressure to balance the need for profit against social respondsibility abd a high degree of journalistic integrity. |
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| regulation is designed to maintain a balance betweek needs and rights of the society as a whole and the needs and rights of individuals. therefore, gov legitimetely may regulate mass media to ensure that their behavior does not have an impact on society that outweights their contribution in society. |
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| 1996 Telecommunication Act |
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| This landmark legislation represented the first major revamping of the fed telecommunications legislation since the fed communications act was passed in 1934. An attempt to increase competition through deregulation, the act included provisions that applied to radio, broadcast and cable tv, the internet, and telecom equipment manufacturing. |
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| a small roup of reporters selected to gather info and pass it on to a larger group of press people. Used when the # of reporters gathering in one spot is problematic |
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| Freedom of expression is not granted to the press or broadcasters alone. Rather, it is a fundamental right based on society's need for basic civil liberties. The authors of the bill of rights, believing that government should be prohibited from excercising arbitrary power, granted to individuals rights such as freedom to speak and write, freedon to bear arms, and freedom from unreasonable police search and seizure. |
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| The supreme court, as well as the congress, adheres to a balancing theory, which expresses the need for balance between individual rights abd the rights of society as a whole. This balance is essential to a democratic government. |
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| Competition benefits consumers |
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| Gov regulation of economic affairs of media companies is based on the assumption that cmpetition is good because it provides a better product to consumers for less cost. Therefore, the gov regulates media through anti-trust laws to ensure competition. |
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| Direct Telecommunications regulation |
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| SInce the early stages of broadcasting, gov regulated broadcast in more direct ways than it did print media. Supporters of gov regulation argued that the airwaves, which are limited in quantity, belong to the people, not to the broadcasters, and that station owners should be responsive to the community and work in its best interest. This often is reffered to as the trusteeship model or the scarsity doctrine. |
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| The collection of FCC rules that was first passes in the 1940's required broadcast stations to air competeing views on controversial issues, although earlier regulations had prohibited such debate. The FCC no longer enforces such rules, and some critics claim that the resault has been a watering down of public debate. |
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| Mass media outlets are usually owned by large corporations. As big businesses, media owners are required to adhere to labor laws, envirnmental regulations, and such standards as postal law. In many cases, media owners have protested having to abide by these laws, arguing that the laws infringe of first amendment rights. |
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| The regulation of subject matter and actual words in a braodcast or print message has been the most controversial area of regulationbecause open and robust disscusion is considered essential to a democratic society. |
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| Controlling obscenity and indecency |
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| whether to protect obscene speech and how to define it have been endurin issues for the public, congress, and the supreme court. Th evolution of new technologies such as color photo printing and new media such as the internet create issues that generate further discussions about the problems surrounding obscenity and indecency. |
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| advocates of absolute free expression argue that most regulations have a chilling effect on the media; the regulations may prevent reporters from going after because of fear of being sued. If lawsuits become too oppressive, they affect how info is disseminated and debated in the marketplace of ideas. |
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| Control of media content during war |
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| Techniques for controlling media content during wartime include censorship and restriction of access. The overriding question is whether the distribution of material will harm to war effort or endanger national security, or whether censorship will restrict info the public has a legitament right to know so as to make political decisions. |
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| the president's right to withhold info if disclosure miht harm the executive branch's functions and decision making process |
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| laws requiring that meetings of federal or state administrative agencies be open to the public. |
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Libel- written defemation of a private individual
slander-spoken defemation
always been considered beyond the bounds of free expression. A more complicated issue is the libel of a public figure. 1964, the supreme court ruled in NY times vs. Sullivan that a reporter had to show disregard for the truth or fulsify a report to be convicted of libeling a public offical. |
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| use of a small portion of copyrighted works by scholars, teachers, or reporters to further enlighten the publc. |
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| to misconstrue facts or misrepresent a person in such ways as the lower the individual in the estimation of others |
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| speech that is not widely disseminated |
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| the rating systems that are used in the motion picture industry and in tv programming were designed to quiet public clamoring about entertainment content rather than to offer a useful system for self-regulation. Broadcasters and movie producers try to avoid government regulation by seeming to address issues,but they rarely solve the problems effectively. |
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| rule of allowing journalists to withhold the identification of confidential sources. |
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| Mass communication research |
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| researcehrs have developed a systematic study of media technology and content, the forces that shape their creation, how and why people use media, and the impact of media institutions on individuals and society. |
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| basic and practical mass communication research |
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| mass comm. research involves both practical and basic research. Practical research aims to help media orgs increase their audiences. Basic research aims to create a more theoretical understanding of human communication using mass media. |
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| Critical/cultural research approach |
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| this approach studies connections between media and society along with the impact of those connections on culture |
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| research approach that emphasizes theory building and quantitive medthods for testing theory |
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| qualitative researchers look at the symbolic meaning that individuals assign to media content based on their own prospective. Qualitative methods include participant observation, in-depth interviews, and textual analysis. |
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| quantitative researcher use statistical analyses of media content or responses of individuals as a way to categorize media content. The content and responses are assigned numbers. Quantitive methods include experimennts, surveys, and content analyses |
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| research where researchers observe research subjects in everyday behavior |
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| research where researchers interperet texts to find the social meanings underlying them |
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| is developed as researchers collect and analyze data then draw generalizations thT EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF media in shaping individuals, societies, and cultures |
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| process by which one or more factors resault in the occurance of an event, behavior, or attitude. A variety of factors cause human behavior. For ex, genetics, parental behavior, peer associations, media consumption, and other factors combine to create certain behaviors in children |
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| a quantitive research method that involves randomly selecting a small group of people, called a sample, from a larger group, called a population, and askin them questions from a questionare |
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| Content analysis that contains instructions that researchers use to assign units of content to categories that in turn receive numbers. The instructions contain detailed steps every coder must follow |
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| Propaganda efforts during world war I suggest that media were all-powerful. Propagandists believed that you could simply hit individuals with information, as though it were a bullet, and it would have powerful and immediate effects |
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| The media have limited effects on individuals-interpersonal impact is more important in influencing attitude and creating change. This approach recognized that individuals interact with one another as wel as respond to media messages they receive |
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| Moderate effects research |
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| Research after the 1970’s found that media content had a greater impact on people’s behavior than limited effects studies suggested, but the impact was not as great as was found by the powerful effects researchers. Therefore, impact was labeled moderate. |
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| Looks at the effects that tv viewing has on how people perceive the world. The theory states that heavy tv viewers are more likely than light viewers to think that the world is as it is presented on tv. Heavy viewers perceive the world as being more violent than it is. |
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| Media research seeks to understand the relationship between readers’ determination of important issues and politicians, and the press treatmens of them. The research focuses not on how media cover an issue, but on how they set an agenda for the issues they cover. |
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| states that media orgs, individuals, and groups in society are mutually dependent. |
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| Uses and gratifications research |
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| research that tries to identify why and how people use various media and what type of rewards they receive from media content is known as uses and gratification research. 5 categories seem to classify most people’s media uses: surveillance, decision making, social and cultural interaction, diversion, and personal identity |
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| using info theory, the Shannon-Weaver transmission model views communication as a technical process involving a source, an encoder, a message, a decoder, and a receiver |
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| interference with communication because of misunderstandings about the meaning of words or symbols |
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| Process by which reporters learn patterns of behavior by observing others and by learning to recognize the systems of rewards and punishments in a newsroom. |
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| The typical routines that a reporter uses to gather news are known as a news net. Because reporters often go to the same places repeatedly, the traditional news net sometimes omits certain types of news. |
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| Ideology influences media content |
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| Ideology is the collection of values, beliefs, and symbolic meanings that a group of people share. Because ideology shapes that group’s view of the way the world works, it influences the content created by members of the group. Ideology is associated with the power some groups have to shape social reality |
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| One who exposes coexistence and cooperation among different elements of a power structure |
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| Group of individuals in early 1900’s who championed political and social reform |
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| Studies that focus on the critical/cultural effects on the media place emphasis on how individuals interact with media forms and how cultures are shaped by them |
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