Conjunctive form of verbs + かた

How to do something; the way of doing something.

を is replaced by の

ex. ががみを書く　to write a letter

かがみを書き方　how to write a letter 

はしの使い方が上手ですね。　you are good at using chopsticks.

この漢字の読み方は何ですか。　How do you read this kanji?

着物の着方をしりたい　Want to know how to wear a kimono.

Express Reults and States of Being 

てある　and ている

Transitive verb てある indicates something done for/on purpose/reason.

     something has been done; someone has done something

 Transitive verb ている indicates something in the process of happening

 Intransitive very ている　indicates something has occurred, and the resulting state remains. 

Expressing an Attempt

Plain, volitional form of the verb + とする/とします

to attempt to; to try to; to be about to

ex. 窓を開けようとしたが、開かなかった。

I tried to open the window, but it wouldn't open 

てみる means to try something to see what its like.

とする means to try something, but it was futile or impossible

In the present tense とする is attempting to do something

私の母はインターネットを始めようとしています

My mother is trying to learn how to use the internet. 

Used when only a little time has passed.

Verb た+ばかり/ところだ  

something has just happened; someone has just done something

ばかり is used in a context that something happened maybe like 10 days ago.

ところ is used in a context that something happened maybe like 10 mins ago.(surely the same day) 

(Negative form of verb) ない+で

ex.昨日の夜はぜんぜんねないで、しゅうだいをしていました。

 Last night I did homework without sleeping at all

なくて can be used instead if the clause expresses emotions, judgement, or reasons.

ないでおく　means to leave something undone

来月旅行にお金を使うので、今月はあまりつかわないでおいた。

Because I'm going on to spend money on a trip next month, I didn't spend so much money this month. 

かしら

ex. Jackieはもうデパートへ行ったかしら。

I wonder if Jackie has already gone to the department store.

 Kirはびょうきかしら。

I wonder if Kir is sick. 

Females use this when talking informally to indicate mild emphasis.

ex.  たいへんだ。man

たいへんだわ。 woman

できないよ。Man

できないわよ 。Woman

ex. 一番目の角を左に曲がり、まっすぐいきます。

 Turn left at the first corner, and go straight. This is used cause it keeps two things in a consecutive motion.

くて would be used for sequential and contrasted actions. 

こんどはだいじょうぶですよ。