Term
| Physical evidence has greater power and ability than testimonial evidence in defining what happened at any crime? True of False |
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Definition
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Term
| Physical evidence provides an objective foundation for any subsequent theory of any crime? True or False |
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Definition
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Term
| To gauge testimonial evidence all we have is what? |
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Definition
| Only our perception of the individual giving the evidence |
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Term
| Crime scene analysis is what? |
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Definition
| The end result of any effort directed at crime scene processing. |
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Term
| The more physical evidence recovered, the more? |
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Definition
| Functional and objective theory of what transpired during the crime will be forthcoming. |
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Term
| In 1933 Luke S. May commented what, in his book Scientific Murder Investigation? |
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Definition
| Before an investigator can conduct a search for evidence, they must know what they are searching for. |
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Term
| Bruce Wiley says Crime scene investigations is like a discipline involving what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is it incumbent in the job of crime scene investigator to take interest in all aspects of forensic and try to remain current? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is all evidence created equal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 main categories of evidence? |
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Definition
| Class or individual characteristics |
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Term
| Class characteristics can be? |
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Definition
| Common to several objects |
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Term
| Class characteristics serve forensics best when? |
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Definition
| eliminating possibilities |
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Term
| Class characteristics are sometimes used as a screening tool for who? |
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Definition
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Term
| Individual characteristics allows what? |
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Definition
| Forensic scientists to compare the evidence to a specific item or object. |
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Term
| Individual characteristics can be described as being? |
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Definition
| Unique, resulting from natural variation, damage or wear. |
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Term
| Name the classic example of Individual characteristics evidence. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the Edmond Locard Exchange Principle |
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Definition
| Every contact leaves a trace! |
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Term
| What principal is the underlying theory behind trace evidence examinations? |
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Definition
| Locard Exchange Principal |
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Term
| When do finger prints develop in a fetus? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long have fingerprints been used as a form of identification? |
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Definition
| Since the seventh century |
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Term
| Who is Sir Edward Hennery an what did he do in 1894? |
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Definition
| Developed the Sir Edward Henry classification system |
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Term
| What pattern of fingerprint = approximately 65% of all fingerprints? |
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Definition
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Term
| Whorl patterns make up about what % of all fingerprints? |
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Definition
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Term
| Arch fingerprint patterns make up approximately 5% of all fingerprint patterns. True or false |
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Definition
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Term
| Subdivisions of fingerprint patterns include the following patterns? |
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Definition
Plain or tented arches
Ulnar, radial and double loops
Central pocket and accidental whorls |
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Term
| What is fingerprint examination and identification based on? |
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Definition
| Ridge detail and minutiae in the patterns |
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Term
| Ridge identification is based on what ridge characteristics? |
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Definition
| Ridge endings, bifurcations, short ridges, enclosures, ridge dots, ridge breaks, angular formations, deltas, overlap, spurs, bridges, trifurcations crossings, changeovers, ridge pinch, and loops |
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Term
| Today fingerprints are identified how? |
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Definition
| Finding agreement of individual characteristics with no unexplainable dissimilarities |
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Term
| Most fingerprints found on scenes consist of 98% water. True or False |
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Definition
| True; the remaining is made up of grease, oils, salts and amino acids |
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Term
| What 3 basic forms of fingerprints: |
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Definition
| Latent, Patent and Plastic |
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Term
| What can biological evidence be found in on crime scenes? |
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Definition
| Blood, spittle, semen, vaginal secretions and even bone or tissue |
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Term
| What was "wet bench" serology directed at? |
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Definition
| Class differences in human blood |
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Term
| Class differences in blood include? |
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Definition
| (ABO) blood type, and variations in blood antigens |
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Term
| When serologists test for sperm or semen they are looking for what? |
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Definition
| Acid Phosphatase or microscopic sperm cells |
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Term
| When testing for saliva they are looking for what? |
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Definition
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Term
| When was the first existence of DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Watson and Crick discover in the 1950's? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cells in blood contain a nucleus? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many pairs of chromosomes are in each nucleolus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the basic units of a gene? |
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Definition
| (G)guanine,(C)cytosine, ((A)adenine, and (T)thymine |
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Term
| Regarding genes; G always pairs with C and A always pairs with T. True or False |
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Definition
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Term
| With the exception of identical twins can 1 individuals DNA be distinguished from another's DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| In 1984 what did Alec Jefferies discover? |
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Definition
| He found a mechanism of mapping the DNA molecule allowing him to compare one source of DNA to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Restrictive fragment length polymorphism |
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Term
| In 1987 what was RFLP used for? |
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Definition
| To resolve the murder of Lynda Mann and Dawn Ashforth in England. |
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Term
| The book called "the blooding" detailed what case? |
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Definition
| the murder of Lynda Mann and Dawn Ashforth in England |
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Term
| What was coined the genetic fingerprint by the press? |
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Definition
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Term
| Limitations regarding RFLP were? |
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Definition
| The size of the sample needed to test |
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Term
| After RFLP came what new technique? |
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Definition
| PCS polymerase chain reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to make copies of small samples |
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Term
| PCR examines what part of the gene area? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Short Tandem Repeat. A New DNA development. Statistics routinely exceeded 1 in 6 billion! |
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Term
| What is Carl Sagan's old adage? |
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Definition
| Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence |
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Term
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Definition
| Mitochondrial DNA. Its found in each cell and is the true power house of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Where is mDNA inherited from |
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Definition
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Term
| What analysis is mDNA gaining popularity in |
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Definition
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Term
| For collection of typical DNA sources, like blood, semen, saliva, use what type of swab? |
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Definition
| Dacron/polyester swabs rather than cotton swabs |
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Term
| What are 2 reasons to use Dacron swabs over cotton swabs? |
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Definition
| Dacron swabs do not hold an electrical charge and they don't fall apart like cotton swabs |
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Term
| Examples of trace evidence? |
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Definition
| Hairs, fibers, soil, glass and paints |
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Term
| Trace evidence analysis of fibers rarely routinely result in class characteristics. True of false |
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Definition
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Term
| How do transfer usually result? |
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Definition
| Between people, objects, or clothing |
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Term
| 90% of hairs and or fibers are lost within how many hours of following the contact? |
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Definition
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Term
| Should hairs and fibers be considered fragile evidence? |
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Definition
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Term
| What should the technician do once a hair or fiber is found? |
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Definition
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Term
| Alternate light Sources ALS is a great tool in searching for fibers. True or false |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 most common collection process for collecting hairs and fibers are? |
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Definition
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Term
| While collecting hairs and fibers using tape, how long should the tape be? |
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Definition
| Wide tape 8' to 10"long. The tape is then applied to a piece of transparent plastic. |
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Term
| Bad thing about using vacuuming's to collect hairs and fibers is? |
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Definition
| You get all the dirt and debris along with the hairs and fibers. |
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Term
| Examination of glass from a crime scene is usually directed at one of the 3 basic determinations |
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Definition
| Glass type, direction of force, sequence of force |
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Term
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Definition
| No.. There are different recepies |
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Term
| What should be marked on the packaging of glass samples? |
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Definition
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Term
| Regarding glass as evidence. What dose RI stand for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's the 4R rule used for |
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Definition
| The method of evaluating direction of force |
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Term
| What dose the 4R rule state? |
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Definition
| Ridge lines on radial fractures are right angles to the rear |
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Term
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Definition
| These radiate out from a central point in the fracture |
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Term
| What are concentric fractures? |
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Definition
| These encircle the central area of the fracture |
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Term
| Hit and Run investigations account for a significant amount of what type of analysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What evidence represents the true trace evidence sample, why? |
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Definition
| Because there is rarely very much material present. |
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Term
| How much paint chips or transfers should be collected? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic materials? |
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Definition
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Term
| When evaluating soils what is 1 useful approach? |
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Definition
| Evaluation of pollens. These are easily identified by there structure |
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Term
| How much soil is suggested for any analysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where should soil samples be collected from? |
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Definition
| Multiple contact locations, points where the participants walked or fought |
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Term
| When trace amounts of soil are collected from shoes or clothing what should you collect? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are false positives a common occurrence in GSR analysis? |
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Definition
| Because the 3 ingredients are found in other occurrences? |
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Term
| GSR tests do not effectively place a weapon in the hand of a suspect. True or false |
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Definition
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Term
| In the present time, regarding GSR analysis. Is AAA evaluations used in the US |
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Definition
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Term
| When alalyzing GSR using a (SEM) the analysis is looking for what? |
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Definition
| Fused particles containing all 3 elements |
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Term
| When alalyzing GSR using a (SEM) the analysis is looking for what? |
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Definition
| Fused particles containing all 3 elements |
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Term
| When alalyzing GSR using a (SEM) the analysis is looking for what? |
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Definition
| Fused particles containing all 3 elements |
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Term
| Regarding GSR, when is a nitrate test conducted? |
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Definition
| On items like clothing or bedding to locate apparent GSR |
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Term
| Regarding ammunition What's a cartridge? |
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Definition
| A single and complete unit of ammo. and a bullet |
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Term
| What dose firearms analysis consist of? |
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Definition
| The weapon, casings, bullets and unexpended cartridges |
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Term
| Name 3 general categories of weapons? |
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Definition
| Handguns, rifles, and shotguns |
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Term
| Cylinder gap refers to a slight gap between the cylinder and barrel of a revolver. True or false |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the cylinder gap important to Crime Scene Technicians? |
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Definition
| Because it will often create a distinctive GSR pattern |
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Term
| On a pistol, where is the magazine inserted? |
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Definition
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Term
| On a pistol, what dose the upper receiver consist of? |
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Definition
| A slide and barrel that move along a tongue and groove rail on the lower receiver |
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Term
| When the trigger is pulled, what is expelled from the pistol? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is rifling made up of? |
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Definition
| Projections (lands) and depressions (grooves) |
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Term
| With any firearm, what dose the evaluation begin with? |
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Definition
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Term
| What will the firearm examiner be comparing when comparing suspect projectiles to test fired projectiles? |
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Definition
| Striations that lay parallel to the lands and grooves |
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Term
| Do smooth bore weapons have individual characteristics? |
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Definition
| No, however slugs and shot cups may have some potential for comparison. |
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Term
| Ballistic evidence collected from a crime scene should always be? |
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Definition
| Packaged separately and marked for where it was collected in the scene. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the firearm examiner to conduct ejection studies? |
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Definition
| To determine the distance and direction the weapon will eject a casing. |
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Term
| Trajectory analysis is another area of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Tool marks analysis is usually the purview of who? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 general categories of tool marks? |
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Definition
| Striation, compression and saw and drill marks |
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Term
| The most important tool mark evidence occurs at what level? |
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Definition
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Term
| Whenever possible, the tool mark evidence should be? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Recovery efforts of evidence from crime scene technicians may result in additional tool marks. True or false |
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Definition
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Term
| With tire impressions, track width is often referred to as? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| The distance between front and rear axels |
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Term
| Shoe and tire marks and impressions are documented using oblique lighting and photography. True or False |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the forensic dentist best trained in? |
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Definition
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Term
| Should suspected bite marks be swabbed for DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much liquid sample of chemicals is sufficient for lab analysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Evidence to be tested for accelerants must be collected in? |
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Definition
| Clean paint cans or glass jars |
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Term
| With document evidence, what are tracings |
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Definition
| These are conscious efforts to copy a known writing |
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Term
| Alterations regarding document evidence are often under? |
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Definition
| ALS alternate light sources |
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Term
| Indented writings are usually recovered using? |
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Definition
| An electrostatic detection apparatus (ESDA) |
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Term
| Typical crime scene document evidence might be? |
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Definition
| Suicide notes, hold-up notes, ransom notes |
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Term
| When collecting document evidence. They must be packaged in? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Indented writing documents are to be collected and? |
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Definition
| Secured between 2 pieces of cardboard |
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|
Term
| Should pens or pencils associated with questioned documents be collected? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The computer forensics section is typically the most backlogged section in any lab? True or False |
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Definition
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