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Plato
to know the good is to do the good |
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o To Know the Good is to Do the Good**-misbehavior out of ignorance
o Philosopher king
o Social good above personal freedom
o Knowledge is like shadow on a cave wall
o Ideal Greek citizen (Cardinal virtues)
o Importance of idealism
o Importance of the state |
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o The Golden Mean**-Be moderate, search for the common ground
o Importance of individual
o Importance of achieving self fulfillment and happiness
o Danger of collectivism
o Use of reason
o Use of the scientific method
o Ethics are more situational than absolute
o Importance of developing individual character
* Believed in power of the individual |
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o Given to Moses on Mount Sinai
o A way that ethics were codified
do not steal
god is the only god
dont covet neighbors anything |
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o Moses tells the people about the ten commandments after meeting with God
o Jesus’ “Sermon on the Mount” laid out his reinterpretation and reemphasis upon how the Ten Commandments and Hebrew ethical values were to be handled. |
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o Jesus’ “parables” tended to pose ethical dilemmas in ways that forced his listeners to “think outside the box” and challenge legalistic interpretations of individual ethical obligations
o Parables are short sayings or phrases that are intended to teach a lesson |
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| o Jesus preached “radical” values that involved self-sacrifice, love, and forgiveness of enemies, and the willingness to die for what one believed is right. |
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| Do unto others, as youd have done to you |
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| Medieval notions of Heaven and Hell |
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| o Became dominant in ethical thinking, and people were led to believe that their personal actions determined the state of their soul and where they would spend eternity |
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| o Luther’s emphasis upon each individual reading the Bible for himself or herself advanced the notion that ethics and religious conscience were individual matters o Luther’s notion that each person should have a personal relationship with God and should use the Bible to figure out how to live a religious life for himself or herself reduced the power of the clergy to control ethical decision-making o The Prodestant Reformation helped spur the expansion of the Enlightenment with its emphasis upon the importance of reason, science, individual conscience—and ultimately democratic decision-making—in ethical and legal matters |
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o A branch of Protestantism
o Was embraced by many people of the trading, small business and entrepreneurial classes, and the notion began to expand that worldly success was a sign that one was chosen (or “predestined” for salvation) by God. |
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| Protestantism and Capitalism |
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o Cheap and large scale circulation of material; came about during the time of the printing press
o The growth of the capitalistic marketplace provided a great boost to Prodestantism which spread throughout northern Europe in many of the countries where economics, technology, and foreign trade were driving cultural and social change. |
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o 18th century movement in Western philosophy. An age of optimism, tempered by the realistic recognition of the sad state of the human condition and need for major reforms.
o It questioned traditional institutions, customs and morals |
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o Of Enlightenment thinkers…
o Saw God as a prime mover who operated through laws that could be discerned through science and the application of human reason. This movement was strengthened by the popularity of the scientific discoveries of Newton and other scientists of the period. |
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o Self Righting Principle***-n a fair debate truth will. always win out. thus, free speech (a fair environment) is in the public interest.
• In Equal constant between the Truth and falsehood, Truth will prevail.
o Seeking to do God’s Will
o Marketplace of Ideas
* Liberalism—optimistic |
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o General will versus the Will of All***-Rousseau actually distinguishes between the "will of all" and the
"general will." The "will of all" is just a collection of private
wills; the "general will" reflects the common good and what is best
for all.
• General Will—Seeking to do What is in Good of Community
• Will of All—Aggregate of Selfish interests
o Faith in People (Social contract)
o Right of Populist Revolt
o Freedom Must be Tempered With Concern for Society
o Romantic Mysticism/Importance of Feeling and Passion
o Fault of the World Blamed on Society, Not the Individual (We are born Free but are everywhere in chains)
o Importance of Equality and Fraternity
o Property is Bad |
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o Categorical Imperative***-I should only do what I believe should be a blinding principle for all.
o Importance of principle
• Absolute rational rules that govern ethical activity without exception
o Importance of duty
o Means are always paramount over ends |
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o Practical View of Ethics
o Ends Justify the Means
o Success is What Counts
o Bypass Ethics if Something Works |
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o Utilitarianism***-The Greatest Good for the Greatest Number of People
o Importance of Individual Liberty
o Danger of Pressure to Conform
o Modified Libertarianism
• Only Limit on My Rights is What Encroaches on Rights of Others |
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| Marx-ends justifies means |
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o Ends justify the means***-
o Violence may be necessary to achieve a higher end
o From each according to ability, to each according to need
o Emphasis on the collective state
o Necessity of an elite to lead the masses to right decisions
o Romantic faith in ultimate ability of masses to achieve an egalitarian utopia |
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o Dialectical Process***-Hegel believed that the evolution of ideas occurs through a dialectical process-that is, a concept gives rise to its opposite, and as a result of this conflict, a new and third view, the synthesis, arises.
o Romantic Idealism
o Faith in the state as the ultimate authority
o Goal is the romantic blending of the individual with the spirit of the culture |
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o Movement at the end of 20th century, journalists who went after big businesses and the corruption of monopolies
o Applying radical Christian ethics to corrupt businesses |
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o 1920s—set the stage for culture war
o Daryl Scopes was a science teacher who taught evolution in the classroom when it was still illegal to do so
o Knowing it was illegal he taught it in hopes that the concept of teaching evolution could be debated and put on trial
o This began the discussion: Can you have ethics and morality without religion? This was the fear of many people at the time
o Brian and Daryl were opponents—Brian supported the theory of Genesis
o Even in Tennesse where the trial occurred the media and most newspapers were in support of Daryl and the evolution |
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| o Began in 19th century debates about Darwin and the contention of his followers that human beings aren’t special creatures made in the likeness of God but animals like any other animal. |
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Pragmatists***-considers practical aspects and real life consequences. actions speak louder than words.
o Truth is never absolute
o Seeking truth (proper ethics) is a process never an end
o Emphasis upon action (testing oneself in the world)
o Emphasis upon experimentation
o Ethics tend to be relative
o Emphasis is upon what works (the pragmatic) |
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o A set of laws, regulations, and guidelines for personal ethical behavior that are rooted in religious tradition but no longer have the explicit theological hold over society that they once did.
o What we have in American society is that our laws and secular norms operate under the idea of Judio-christianity |
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o People should be treated as citizens, not consumers
o Connected to Habbermans |
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o Tabula Rasa
• Individual human beings are born with no innate mental content—they are blank, and that their entire resource of knowledge is built up gradually from their experiences and sensory perceptions of the outside world.
o Importance of the individual (Social contract)
o Science is God’s given Laws of Nature
o Reason is God’s given path to truth
o Natural Rights
o Majority Rule
o Ethics is balancing Individual and social concerns
o Property is good |
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o Security is better than Anarchy (Social Contract)
o Humans are selfish, brutish, and violent (Desire versus Aversion)
o Importance of Leviathan
o Truth cannot be fully understood
o Importance of facts (inventor of Social Science) |
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struggle of Custom versus reason (or impressions versus ideas)
o Importance of development of Character
o Selflessness is an Innate Trait
o Value of Skepticism (we can only draw probable conclusions) |
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• Nietzsche
SUPERMAN & OVERMAN |
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o Personal Creation of Values
o The importance of the Morally Superior Person (Overman or Superman)
o Beware of taking values from the majority
o Importance of Passion and the romantic imagination |
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o Emphasis on community and value of social unity
o Loyalty to leadership
o Stress proper conduct
o Desire for social stability
o Too much freedom is dangerous |
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| • Steffens, Tarbell, Baker, Sinclair, McClure |
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| -Liberal Theory -Stemmed from Hegel and Aristotle -that the principal it seeks to provide ethical guidance when confronting the sort of society-wide issues that mark current political and business activity. task of government is to secure and distribute fairly the liberties and economic resources individuals need to lead freely chosen lives. |
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| Evolution by natural selection. |
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| Stereotypes are generalizations, or assumptions, that people make about the characteristics of all members of a group, based on an image (often wrong) about what people in that group are like. |
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| Public or Civic Journalism |
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- an attempt to abandon the notion that journalists and their audiences are spectators in political and social processes. In its place, the civic journalism movement seeks to treat readers and community members as participants.
-using journalism to enhance public capital, ex. using newpapers as a discussion ground for the public |
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| • Pluralism and Press coverage of world religions |
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| a way inwhich to promote the coexistance and acceptance of all religions. |
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-Journalistic objectivity can refer to fairness, disinterestedness, factuality, and nonpartisanship, but most often encompasses all of these qualities.
-Advocacy (adopts a non-objective viewpoint) journalism is one alternative to objective journalism. |
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| -IN JOURNALISM-new genre of journalism that emphasizes personalization, audience participation in content creation and story forms that are fragmented and interdependent with other websites. These characteristics suggest a shift away from traditional journalism’s modern approach toward a new form of journalism infused with postmodern sensibilities. - postmodernism is highly skeptical of explanations which claim to be valid for all groups, cultures, traditions, or races, and instead focuses on the relative truths of each person. In the postmodern understanding, interpretation is everything; reality only comes into being through our interpretations of what the world means to us individually. Postmodernism relies on concrete experience over abstract principles |
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| political theory that maintains that an individual enters into society with certain basic rights and that no government can deny these rights |
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| Invention of Printing Press |
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| Johannes Gutenberg, a goldsmith and businessman from the mining town of Mainz in southern Germany, borrowed money to invent a technology that changed the world of printing. Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press with replaceable/moveable wooden or metal letters in 1436 (completed by 1440). This method of printing can be credited not only for a revolution in the production of books, but also for fostering rapid development in the sciences, arts and religion through the transmission of texts. |
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-a 13th century BCE Biblical Hebrew religious leader, lawgiver, prophet, and military leader, to whom the authorship of the Torah is traditionally attributed.
-Ten Commandments given to him on Mount Saihai
-also an important prophet in Judaism,Christianity, Islam, the Bahá'í Faith, Mormonism, Rastafari, Raëlism, Chrislam and many other faiths.
According to the book of Exodus, Moses was born to a Hebrew mother who hid him when a Pharaoh ordered all newborn Hebrew boys to be killed, and ended up being adopted into the Egyptian royal family. After killing an Egyptian slave master, he fled and became a shepherd, and was later commanded by God to deliver the Hebrews from slavery. |
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invented his own printing press
believed in bringing truth to the people |
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-He lived and worked in Britain until the age of 37, when he migrated to the American colonies just in time to take part in the American Revolution.
-His main contribution was as the author of the powerful, widely read pamphlet, Common Sense (1776), advocating independence for the American Colonies from the Kingdom of Great Britain, and of The American Crisis, supporting the Revolution.
Later, Paine was a great influence on the French Revolution. He wrote the Rights of Man (1791) as a guide to the ideas of the Enlightenment. |
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| was a French Enlightenment writer, essayist, deist and philosopher known for his defense of civil liberties, including freedom of religion. |
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| Mencken is perhaps best remembered today for The American Language, a multi-volume study of how the English language is spoken in the United States, and for his satirical reporting on the Scopes trial, which he named the "Monkey" trial. |
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| Clarence Seward Darrow was an American lawyer and leading member of the American Civil Liberties Union, best known for defending teenage thrill killers Leopold and Loeb in their trial for murdering 14-year-old Bobby Franks (1924) and defending John T. Scopes in the so-called "Monkey" Trial (1925), in which he opposed the statesman William Jennings Bryan |
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| William Jennings Bryan (March 19, 1860 – July 26, 1925) was the Democratic Party nominee for President of the United States in 1896, 1900, 1908, a lawyer, and the 41st United States Secretary of State under President Woodrow Wilson. One of the most popular speakers in American history, he was noted for a deep, commanding voice. |
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| Albert Camus (IPA: [albɛʁ kamy]) (November 7, 1913 – January 4, 1960) was a French-Algerian author, philosopher, and journalist who won the Nobel prize in 1957. He is often associated with existentialism, but Camus refused this label. |
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| It was Lippmann who first identified the tendency of journalists to generalize about other people based on fixed ideas. He argued that people—including journalists—are more apt to believe "the pictures in their heads" than come to judgment by critical thinking. |
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| Jürgen Habermas (IPA: [ˈjʏʁgən ˈhaːbɐmaːs]; born June 18, 1929) is a German philosopher and sociologist in the tradition of critical theory and American pragmatism. He is best known for his work on the concept of the public sphere, which he has based in his theory of communicative action. |
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