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Journalism and the Law
Test #1
31
Journalism
Not Applicable
09/17/2005

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Cards

Term
The law...
Definition
-is based on precedent.
-came from the English common law system
-precedence allows certainty and consistency
-judges get their sources of law from different places
Term
Six sources of law
Definition
(1) common law (2) equity law (3) statutory law (4) constitutional law (5) administrative law (6) international law
Term
common law
Definition
judgemade law, applies in torts/libel; apply the principle of "stare decisis" (stand as decided); ppl need to be sure of what's legal and what's not legal
Term
equity law
Definition
fairness; court has no legal principles so they apply principles of fairness (gag orders, injunctions--order to do/not do something)
Term
statutory law
Definition
enacted by Congress, local govt's, etc.
Term
constitutional law
Definition
laws based on the Constitution; and the bill of rights
Term
administrative law
Definition
the ICC, FCC--pass rules/administrative coding
Term
international law
Definition
treaties; some in concern of copyright.
Term
facts about Courts
Definition
you must have a real case or controversy, real party in interest; if "moot" it's passed; courts can throw out cases that are too speculative
Term
Three Levels of Courts
Definition
Orignial jurisdiction (start here, heard by one judge); appellate jurisdiction (heard by 3 judges, en banc, may file a concurrence, dissent, or agree); US Supreme Court (the highest you can go)
Term
State courts
Definition
trial, appellate, supreme
Term
5 Values related to Free Speech
Definition
1) the discovery of truth (2) the continuance of self-gov't (3) a check on gov't power (4) a promotion of stable change (5) individual fulfillment
Term
First Amendment
Definition
Congress shall make no law...abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; first became applicable to the states in 1925
Term
jurisdiction
Definition
the power to hear a case and geographics; usually refers to the subject matter on which a court is entitled to rule, or to geography, places, or types of parties over whom a court has authority
Term
jurisprudence
Definition
the meaning of precedent; the study of the law
Term
stare decisis
Definition
once established, a legan decision should not be easily changed
Term
concurrence
Definition
a vote w/ the majority but based upon a difference analysis
Term
dissent
Definition
dissagreement w/ the majority's ruling and reasoning as articulated
Term
fighting words
Definition
these words aren't protected by US constitution; it has to be a face-to-face confrontation--must be personal provoking violence.
Term
advocacy
Definition
when words incite an imminent threat of unlawful action...when the line is crossed to violence
Term
Expressive conduct
Definition
protected by the 1st amendment; it must have 2 components:
(1) intend what you're doing to convey a message (symbolic speech)
(2) capable of being understood by others

ie--flag burning is protected; cross burning (w/out intent to intimidate) is protected; it is protected if no substantial disruption occurs
Term
The O'Brien Test (draft card burning case)
Definition
(1) does the gov't have the power to enact this? (2) does the regulation further gov't interest? (3) is the interest unrelated to suppression of free expression? (4) is it the least restrictive alternative?

**if no, then it is unconstitutional;
if yes, it IS constitutional. (w/Vincent case it was constitutional)

**this test is much less restrictive than strict scrutiny
Term
First amendment constraints are...
Definition
not absolute
Term
Speech not protected:
Definition
fighting words; true threats; national security; clear and present danger; libel (slander, defamation); obscenity; advocacy (imminent threat of unlawful activitiy)
Term
Public forum
Definition
can be traditional (parks, etc) or by practice
Term
Prior restraint
Definition
-prohibition on disseminating info (done by the govt)
-done in advance of publication
-exercise of discretion
-presumptively unconstitutional (gov't has to prove the reason for it)
-they affect ALL publications
-the timing is in the hands of a govt official who can delay
-adverse decision is more likely b/c censors WANT to censor
Term
Subjective punishment
Definition
-affects individual actions/publications
-better timing
-fair trial
-procedure
-open
-more democratic
-encourages risk
Term
overbroad/vagueness
Definition
laws regulating speech can be struck down for vagueness; ppl can't tell what's allowed and what's not. laws regulating speech can't be overbroad;
Term
clear and present danger
Definition
it allows expression to be controlled when there is a clear and present danger that the expression will bring about substantive evils. it provides the judge w/a narrower window for restricting expression. If all the ingredients for trouble are present, the court reasoned, the gov't has a right to halt offensive speech. (bradenburg v. Ohio---anti veteran war street protestor)
Term
4 considerations in Nebraska Press Association case
Definition
(1) thre has to be a danger that the speech would impair a specific right (2) court has to look at alternatives (ie--moving case to another county) (3) judge was not convinced that prior restraint was even effective (4) order was vague/overbroad--it prevented the press from publishing ANYthing they had heard--too much was restricted
Term
strict scrutiny test
Definition
*applies when speech is affected as a byproduct of the regulation; when a court uses strict scrutiny, it must find (1) that there is a compelling gov't interest for the regulation, and (2) that the regulation is necessary and narrowly tailored to meet that gov't interest; that is, the govt must take the last drastic measures to accomplish a necessary goal.

**can't discriminate on basis of content**
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