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JOUR1000 Final Exam
N/Q
97
Journalism
Undergraduate 1
04/13/2014

Additional Journalism Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What does the Canadian Association of Journalism say about Ethics
Definition
 To serve democracy by reporting the truth
 Defend public interest by promoting the free flow of information
 Expose crime
 Protect public health and safety
 Prevent the public from being misled
Term
What are the ponynter institutes guiding principles?
Definition

§  Seek truth and report it as fully as possible

·         Inform yourself continuously

·         Be honest fair and courageous

·         Give voice to the voiceless

 

·         Hold the powerful accountable

Term
Watergate
Definition

-          Early 1970’s, Richard Nixon in his first term as republican president

-          Nixon white house dirty tricks “the plumbers

o   Look for dirt on Nixon’s political opponents

-          June 17, 1972 break-in in democratic party HQ in Watergate hotel

-          Woodward and Bernstein begin to piece together links between burglars and Nixon White House

 

-          First ever and only resignation of US president 

Term
What effects did Watergate have on Journalism?
Definition

Use of well-placed sourcedeep throat

o   Mark Felt, deputy director of the FBI

o   Now a way of describing anonymous sources

-          The fourth estate

-          Made people doubt politicians

-          Equality before the law, no one is above the law

WAdvent of Celebrity Journalism

Term

The Somalia Affair

Definition

-          1993 UN led peacekeeping mission

-          Canadian airborne regiment

o   Chosen because they were tough

o   Somali’s broke into the Canadian camp

-          5 Somali civilians killed by Canadian troops

o   Rogue elements in regiments

 

o   Were commanders instructing the rogues

Term
Role of Journalists in Somalia Affair
Definition

o   Jim day

§  Probroke observer

§  DND junket

§  Saw Canadian soldier on stretcher

§  Kept asking questions

 

§  Broke story on April 2


o   Michael mcauliffe

§  Cbc radio on parliament hill

§  Access to information

§  DOD had tried to Cover up beating

§  New information

 

§  Relentless reporting – took a long time to reveal the whole truth 


Term
Legacy of the Somalia Affair
Definition

§  Airborne regiment disbanded

§  Reform of military police

 

§  Ombudsman 

Term

Cash-for-grades scandal

Definition

-          Underachieving high school Ontario students

-          Beat out academically deserving teens

-          Privately run, for-profit schools

-          Toronto star

o   2400 students getting grades that were too high

o   Private schools doubled in number

o   Schools found ways around the regulations

-          Ryerson students found way into the story

Results

-          Education ministry embarrassed

-          High schools say complaints taken more seriously

 

-          More vigorous oversight by inspectors 

Term
What is comprehensive reporting?
Definition

o   Took the reader into the story, able to visualize the problems

o   Fair and balanced

o   Interviewed all the important people in the story

 

o   Addressed a specific problem in the community 

Term
What is the examination process in Journalism?
Definition

o   A test of what information is worth

o   Can lead to further discovery

 

o   Journalists take rigorous and clearly evident efforts to ensure accuracy

Term
What is the interpretation process in Journalism?
Definition

o   Reflecting the facts “meaning” – adding value to the bare facts by helping people figure out what to make of them

 

o   Finding the connections between the facts

Term
What is Media Literacy?
Definition

o   Ability to understand mass media

 

o   Allow people to Analyze, evaluate, and create messages in a wide variety of media

Term
What is critical thinking?
Definition

o   The systemic evaluation of formulations of beliefs or statements by rational standards

o   Requires journalists to ask not what do I believe but why do I believe it and whether it is worth believing

o   How to I think about things

o   How do I decide what to believe

 

o   It’s easy to fall into a trap of assuming something is true 

Term

What makes a good critical thinker?

 

Definition

o   Waits until sufficient evidence

o   Understands difference between validity and intensity of belief

o   Question’s own views

 

o   Recognizes fallibility of one’s own opinions 

Term
What is the awareness instinct?
Definition

§  Knowledge of the unknown gives them security

 

§  Allows them to plan and negotiate their lives 

Term

o   The role of news (Mitchell Stephens)

Definition

§  Society depends on the flow of sentiments from a shared perspective

§  To think a society’s thoughts is to belong to that society

 

§  News provides the requisite set of shared thoughts 

Term

How do government and news relate?

Definition

§  Government is a performance, and news ithe medium in which it is performed

 

·         News system allows governments to reach the large majority of their subjects, without this they would lose their audiences (Mitchell Stephens)

Term

o   What does Mitchell Stephens think news is?

Definition

§  Provides shared perspective for society

§  Medium for government “performance”

 

§  New information about a subject of public interest that is shared with some portion of the public 

Term

o   What do Kovach and Rosenstiel think news is?

Definition

§  That part of communication that keeps us informed of the changing events, issues, and characters of the world outside

Term
What does Michael Schudson think news is?
Definition

§  News is a dominant force in the public construction of common experience and a popular sense of what is real and important 

Term

o   What does G. Stuart Adam think new is?

Definition

§  An account of a shift in the state of things in the material world, or the world beyond our senses. 

Term
What is newsworthiness?
Definition

-          Newsworthy events are traditionally described as events with great repercussions, either good or bad

-         
Judged by journalists to be of interest to the broad mass of citizens


-          Guessing what readers need to know


-          Based on who the audience is

o   Involved public

§  People affected by event

§  First hand experience

o   Interested public

o   Uninterested public

 

-          People are interested in prominent people


Term

-          What do McKercher and Cumming Say about the shaping of a message?

Definition

o   Requires: an informed decision on what is worth telling

o   a judgement on what the receiver already knows

an expectation of response

Term

-          Rosenstiel 

Definition

o   Young people are consuming news on mobile devices

o   Platform vs story

o   Story is the message, not the medium

 

o   New platforms are not a threat, they complement regular news sources

Term
Griots
Definition
 West African historian, storyteller, praise singer, poet and/or musician. The griot is a repository of oral tradition, and is also often seen as something of a societal leader due to his traditional position as an adviser toroyal personages. As a result of the former of these two functions, he is sometimes also called a bard
Term

-          Why is writing important to journalism?

Definition

o   Related to the birth of journalism

o   Allowed to consistency and accuracy

o   Paper = portability

§  First considered raw information

§  Journalism v raw information

·         Understanding more about the nature of news

·         News needs to be speedy

 

·         More concerned with the present

Term

o   Acta Diurna

Definition

§  Daily roman official notices, a sort of daily gazette

 

§  Early form of news hand written and posted in public places 

Term

o   Tipao 

Definition

§  Reports from governments in imperial China

 

§  Close in form and function to the gazettes in the Western world 

Term

-          Gutenberg 

Definition

o   Goldsmith, blacksmith. Businessman

o   Developed printing system

o   First printing press appeared around 1450

o   Context and meaning

§  Origin of mass communication

§  West’s first viable method of disseminating information to wide audience

o   Time of cultural change > need for rapid news

o   Moveable type

§  Speed, quality, reliability

§  Mechanized writing

Link between technology and communication 

Term

-          Multiplication effect

Definition

o   Readers received the same story

o   Allowed wider audience to communicate without being in the same place at the same time

o   Key to the spreading of ideas and the birth of widespread political and social movements

 

o   Helped document firsthand account of Columbus’s voyage

Term

-          How did rulers monopolize the production and spread of knowledge and ideas?

Definition

o   Contracts awarded to printing houses

o   Content sometimes paid for

o   Licensing

§  Official censorship and self-censorship

 

§  Everything that was printed needed to be licensed

Term

-          What makes a newspaper?

Definition

o   Available to many members of the public

o   Regular and frequent publication

§  People becoming accustomed to repetition

§  Hearing the same or similar information from particular sources

o   Variety of stories

o   Consistent and recognizable title of format (brand)

 

o   Reduplication by mechanical means

Term

-          Venice in 1500’s

Definition

o   Italian port and commercial center

o   Periodic publication “gazette”

 

§  Created culture and environment that was receptive to reading and hearing regular coverage of events

Term

-          What is the Coranto?

Definition

o   Amsterdam 1600s

§  Brusque and businesslike

§  Stories from the new world

 

o   Great deal of tolerance and openness, different than France (wanted to control publishing)

Term

-          What came out of these early newspapers?

Definition

o   Newspapers began developing regular conventions, including style, language , sources and terms

o   Consistent publication meant facing an audience again and again

§  Higher stakes, more credibility

o   Shift in news values

 

o   Created culture interested in news

Term
The telegraph
Definition

o   any system that allows the transmission of encoded information by signal across a distance

o   Earliest forms were smoke, drum, and flag signals

o   Leads to the development of Morse code

o   Telegraph meant that it didn’t matter where you were in the world with regards to communication

 

o   1866 telegraph line laid across the Atlantic

Term

-          What did James W. Carey say about the telegraph? 

Definition
Telegraph separates communication from transportation 
Term

-          Telegraph and timeliness

Definition

o   Newspapers began competing with each other for speed

 

o   Facts started to become more important 

Term

-          What was the impact of the telegraph on writing?

Definition

o   Cost of telegram was based on the number of words

 

o   Messages could be cut off at any point

Term

o   Who brought about the Invention of radio and wireless telegraphy 

Definition

§  Guglielmo Marconi

§  Solved some of the limitations of the telegraph by using frequency waves on the radio spectrum, increasing the size of antennas and the power of transmitters

 

§  Signals were weak

Term

o   1920’s radio craze

Definition

§  After WW1 people started to realize that radio was a great way to assemble a mass audience

 

§  First type of radio was churches/literary readings

Term

o   1930-40 golden age of radio 

Definition

§  Idea of radio as electronic fireplace

§  Re-tribalizing effect and marked a return to an oral culture

 

 

Term

-          What did the Press radio bureau do?

Definition

o   set out rules for radio

Term
What effect did WWII have on radio 
Definition

o   radio became common news medium

o   Radio reports became part of people’s daily lives and audiences were becoming attuned to urgent news announcements

o   Edward R Murrow – People around the world listened to his reports, often filed from the rooftops of London while bombs went off in the background

o   Roosevelt’s Fireside Chats

§  81% of American households tuned in

 

o   Advancements of communication have increased the extension of bonds of identity and interests “community builder 

Term

-          What is the golden age of Television

Definition

o   1950s and 60s

o   TV’s cost as much as a car

o   Technical developments

§  1964 first geosynchronous satellite

 

§  Broadcast signals had less interference 

Term
Senator joseph McCarthy
Definition

-          

o    communist witch hunt

§  TV helped expose his deceit and agenda

§  Month long senate hearings on TV

 

§  Edward R. Murrow

Term

-          Kennedy/Nixon debate and TV

Definition

o   First time that candidates debated on TV          

 

o    Won Kennedy the presidency

Term
Difference between news and journalism?
Definition

News is a product of journalism rather than journalism itself


 

Journalism is the system societies generate to supply the information that represents news


 

The New Journalist is an educator

Term
What are the Elements of Journalism deemed by Kovach and Rosenstiel?
Definition

-          First obligation: truth

-          First loyalty: citizens

-          Discipline of verification

-          Independent monitor of power

 

-          Make the significant interesting and relevant 

Term
Walter Lipmann and the Public Opinion
Definition

o   Real environment too big, complex, fleeting for direct experience

 

o   Media brings us the world outside our direct experience, require them to inform us about virtually everything

"pseudo environment"

Term
Plato's Allegory of the Cave
Definition

You don't know anything outside of your own environment without news

 

 

Term
What is Jounalism's Purpose?
Definition

Storytelling with a purpose

 

The way a democratic society has a conversation with itself

 

It is an independant monitor of power 

Term
Origins of Truth
Definition

Earliest journalists expected to recall accurately 

 

Messenger's news could be a matter of survival 

 

As modern press took shape, the promise of truth became part of marketing 

 

Term
What sets Journalism apart from other forms of communication?
Definition
Its disinterested pursuit of the truth
Term
Jayson Blair
Definition

New York Times reporter 

 

Egregious examples of plagiarism discovered in 2003 

 

Motivated by fear of not living up to expectations 

Term
Maragaret Wente
Definition

Globe and Mail Columnist 

 

Accused of plagiarism 

 

Admits to being carless with notetaking, but blames attacks on her views 

 

 

Term
What does being fair require?
Definition
It requires that whatever your personal beliefs, you report the news fairly and accurately, including all pertinent facts and points of view.
Term
Objectivity of Method
Definition

Consistent tests for truth and falsehood 

 

Fairness and Balance are techniques not goals in the verificatio of accounts 

 

Independence is not the same as neutral 

Term
What is the discipline of verification?
Definition

Seeking multiple witnesses to an event

 

Disclosing as much as possible about sources, and asking many sides for comment

 

Separates journalists from entertainment, PR, propaganda 

 

 

Term
What are the rules of verification?
Definition

Accuracy is essential but not enough 

 

Multiple witnesses 

 

Identify Sources 

 

Verify facts 

 

Sift out rumour innuendo, spin 

 

Highlight what is important 

Term
First attempts to limit press freedoms?
Definition

Attempts as old as the printing press

 

Free press was viewed as an enemy of the church and state

 

 

Term

Printing of first non-Latin bibles 

 

Definition

Church opposed to printin in vernacular languages 

 

Shaking loose from control of the church 

 

Ordinary people could read bible themselves

 

Term
Martin Luther's 95 Theses?
Definition

1517

 

Multiple printed copies not as easy to suppress as hand copied ones 

 

 

Term
Tudor monarchs of 16th century
Definition

Licensing act of 1536 

 

Press restrictions of the Tudor period 

 

Laws to licence and vet printing 

 

Restriction on number of presses 

Term
Authoritarian theory of the press
Definition

State is more important than the individual 

 

Control the flow in info to sheild the state from criticism 

 

Loyalty to the state is rewarded 

 

Term
Libertarian Model of the Press
Definition

17th Century England and America

 

Man as rational animal with inherent rights (pursuit of truth) 

 

Press functions to present truth 

 

 

Term
Communist Model of the press
Definition

Arose with communism itself, ie. marx

 

Media functions to perpetuate the socialist system 

 

Media should do what is in best interests of the state 

Term
Social responsibility Model
Definition

Expands on Libertarian model 

 

Hutchins Commission report of 1947 


Role of media in modern society makes social resposibility necessary 

Term
English Civil War Period (1642-51) and the news
Definition

Parliament breaks with the monarchy 

 

Licensing temporarily disappears 

 

Explosion in newspaper world 

 

 

Term
Licensing Order of 1643
Definition

Imposed by parliament 

 

Pre publication licensing 

 

destruction of all books offensive to government 

Term
John Milton
Definition

Writes Areopagitica in 1644 

 

Classic defense of freedom of the press 

 

Marketplace of ideas

 

Echoed in First Amendment to US constitution 

Term
The Glorious Revolution of 1688
Definition

Bill of rights, 1689 

 

Citizens granted right to petition the king without fear of arrest or prosecution 

 

Licensing Act falls in 1694

Term
John Stuart Mill
Definition

Wrote On Liberty 

 

Considered radical because it supports the view that the individual is sovereign over the state 

 

Advocated freedom of speech 

Term
The Zenger Trial
Definition

1735 libel trial 

 

Establishes truth as a defense for seditious libel 

Term
The Stamp Act - 1765
Definition

Sparked outrage in the American colonies 

 

Printers were forced to use stamped paper and raise subscription rates to pass along the tax 

 

Galvanized american Opinion in favour of rebellion 

Term
First Amendment - 1791
Definition
Establishes freedom of speech, for the press, and freedom of assembly
Term
Halifax Gazette 1752
Definition

Authoritarian theory of the press prevailed in British North America 

 

Publishers told what he could and could not print 

 

Publishers depended on goverment patronage 

 

 

Term
Joseph Howe
Definition

Buys the Novascotian in 1823 

 

1835 seditious libel charge 

 

Defends himself and was acquitted 

 

Demonstrate libertarian principle that government is servant to the people 

Term

Alberta Press Act - 1935

Definition

Worsening relations between Bible Bill Aberhart and Alberta gov. 

 

Press takes opposition role to Social Credit gov. 

 

Compell's newspapers to publish rebuttals of criticisms to the government 

 

Goes to Supreme Court, who rejects the law 

Term
Quebec's Padlock Law
Definition

Union Nationale under Maurice Duplessis 

 

Menace of Communism 

 

Gave powers to attorney general to act against thsoe suspected of "harboring communist activities" 

 

Struck down by SCC in 1957 

Term

Boucher vs. the King - 1951 

 

Definition

Aime Boucher, Jehovahs witness 

 

Distributing pamphlets attacking quebec gov. 

 

 

Term
Canadian Bill of rights, 1960
Definition
Recognizes freedom of speech and freedom of the press in section 1
Term
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 1982
Definition

Fundamental freedoms including freedom of the press 

 

 

Term
Propaganda vs Persuasion
Definition

Propaganda is form of communication that attempts to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist 

 

Persuasion is interactive and attempts to satisfy the needs of both persuader and persuadee 

Term

What are the characteristics of propaganda 

 

Definition
The deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions and direct behaviour  to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist 
Term
George Bush's war on terror
Definition

Began to use the phrase shortly after 9/11

 

Initially referred to it as a crusade

 

Engineered to heighten fear while making citizens mad against "barbaric murderers" 

 

Term
Alexander the Great and Propaganda
Definition

Master propagandist 

 

Encouraged statues, monuments, and his image on pottery 

 

recognized power of propaganda to maintain vast empire 

 

 

Term
The American Revolution
Definition

American colonists were literate 

 

Spread of ideas through printed word was factor in development of revolutionary ideology 

 

Thomas Paine was first great propagandist 

 

"Boston Massacre"

Term
The Boer War
Definition

First use of newsreel 

 

Boers depicted as immoral 

 

Shot with actors in london suburb 

Term
WWI Propaganda
Definition

Britian set new standards for wartime propaganda

 

Later copied by Nazis > Joseph Goebbels 

Term
Seven requirements for successful propaganda
Definition

Repetition 

Colour - grab the imagination 

Kernel of truth 

Build around a slogan 

Specific objective

Motive concealed 

Timing is key 

Term
Nazi Propaganda
Definition

Understood the emotional ideas of the great masses 

 

Symbols of fire, wind, flags 

 

The swastika 

 

Total message control 

Term
White Propaganda
Definition

Information is accurate, but there is a spin on presentation 

 

Truthfully states origin 

 

Roosevelt 'fireside chat' radio broadcast

Term

Black propaganda 

 

Definition

Source concealed or credited to a false authority 

 

"big lie", Joseph Goebbels, Hitler's propaganda minister claimed outrageous charges evoke more belief than milder statements that merely twist the truth slightly 

Term
Grey Propaganda
Definition

Somewhere between white and black propaganda 

 

Source may or may not be correctly identiied and the accuracy of the information is uncertain 

Term
Propaganda in our time
Definition

Rwanda, classic case of hate propaganda by state controlled media 

 

Echoes anti-jew propaganda of 1930s germany 

Term
War on Iraq and Propoganda
Definition

Lies that 

  • iraq was linked to 9/11
  • iraw possessed weapons of mass destruction 
  • bush and senior officials used fragments of intelligence reporting to link Iraq to Al Qaeda 
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