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MMC4200 Midterm
Fred Blevens
97
Journalism
Undergraduate 2
03/03/2013

Additional Journalism Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Which of the following is true from findings in the First Amendment Center's annual survey?
Definition
That a sizeable majority disagreed with the Supreme Court's ruling in the Citizen's United States.
Term
Ethics often is over-simplified as a choice between. . . .
Definition
Right and wrong.
Term
Which of the following pairs represent two main types of ethics?
Definition
Theoretical and Applied .
Term
The three types of ethical theories include:
Definition
Teleogical, Deontological, and Virture.
Term
Medis ethics is becoming more and more complicated by a move from professional practice to which of the following?
Definition
Mixed Media
Term
Which of the following is one of the most ethically crucial developments from traditional journalism to new media journalism?
Definition
More anonymity chews up credibility.
Term
Which of the following pairs represents how news operations will be layered in the new media enviroment?
Definition
Veritcal and Horizontal
Term
Which of the following is NOT one of the concerns associated with the use of digital image technology?
Definition
The ease of carrying new devices is NOT a concern associated with the use of digital image technology.
Term
The reason that political candidates can lie during a campaign is because thier speech is considered to be which of the following?
Definition
Core Political Speech
Term
The only absolute defense in a libel suite is which of the following?
Definition
The truth.
Term
Most ethicists agree that the most defensible position for media professionals is which of the following?
Definition
The need to know .
Term
Ethicists says our culture of talking has turned into. . .
Definition
a culture of argument.
Term
Ethicists say journalists must struggle with .  . .
Definition
weighing privacy against necessity.
Term
Ethically (but not legally) a public person should be able to expect privacy . . .
Definition
while recieving medical treatment.
Term
Ethicists advise journalists not to secretly record without which of the following?
Definition
Informing their bosses.
Term
The practice of surprising a souce for an interview without prior notice is known as . . .
Definition
Door stepping.
Term
Ethicists note that the "right to privacy" as only been recognized for. . .
Definition
the past century.
Term
The university confronting privacy issues in tech-heavy teaching experiments is. .
Definition
Arizona State University.
Term
The federal govenment exercises exclusive jurisdiction over. . .
Definition
copyrights.
Term
Lawsuits conserning federal constituional rights may be adjudicated in . .
Definition
Federal Courts.
Term
The final arbiter on all legal questions involving the U.S. Constituion is the. .
Definition
U.S. Supreme Court
Term
The main trial court in the fedeal system is called the. .
Definition
U.S. District Court.
Term
The United States is composed of how many soverign legal systems?
Definition
51 - One in each state, each with it's own legislature and court system, and one federal system.
Term
The federal and state judicial systems consists of two basic kind of courts -
Definition
Trial and Appellate Courts
Term
Under the doctrine of judicial review, it is the role of eafch state court system to interpret. .
Definition
the Constituion in their jurisdiction.
Term
Legal rules conceived and fostered independently by the courts are known as. . .
Definition
Common Law.
Term
The usual remedy sought in a civil lawsuit is. . .
Definition
Settlement - compensation in the form of money.
Term
The party who initiates a civil lawsuit is called the . .
Definition
Plaintiff.
Term
When there is no contested issue of face, a judge may end a case prior to trial by granting a motion for. . .
Definition
Summer of judgment.
Term
An appealing party is referred to as the. .
Definition
Defendent.
Term
Each year the U.S. Supreme Court receives several thousand requests for review. Of these, the Court actually decides about how many cases?
Definition
100.
Term
Promoting ill opinions of government in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was often known as .. .
Definition
Sedition.
Term
One of the first published arguments in favor of press freedom was made bhy the poet John Milton in his book tiltled. . .
Definition
Areopagitica.
Term
What is true about the First Amendment?
Definition
Communication of ideas is protected, conduct is not.
Term
_______ has been deemed to be within the guarantee of the First Amendment, though it is not protected as most other forms of expression.
Definition
Symbolic Speech/Expressive Conduct
Term
What was the most important case to formalize the doctrine against prior restraint?
Definition
Near vs. Minnesota
Term
Prior restraints can arise through . . .
Definition
licensing schemes and informal coercion.
Term
Legitimate time, place and manner restrictions. . .
Definition
must bhe content neutral.
Term
The difference between law and ethics often is decribed as.  .
Definition
the differende between SHOULD do versus what you CAN/CANNOT DO.
Term
Generally speaking, which of these government actions is most likely to be upheld as constitutional?
Definition
Licensing
Term
In the Citizens United Case, the Supreme Court ruled . . .
Definition
corporations are the same as private citizens.
Term
The U.S. Supreme Court firs tbegan to interpret the scope of the First Amendment in suppression acts during. . .
Definition
WW I.
Term
The Citizens United case emerged from a movie about. .
Definition
Hillary Clinton.
Term
What First Amendment standard emerged out of Schenck vs. United States?
Definition
The Clear and Present Danger Standard.
Term
In Brandenburg vs. Ohio in the Supreme Court held that speech remains protected until it is likely to . .
Definition
incite imminent unlawful action.
Term
In the Pentagon Papers case the New York Times and the Washington Post printed excerpts from a document that was classified.
Definition
FALSE - it was a historical document.
Term

What message came out of the Pentagon Papers case?

 

Definition
The case had not met the Clear and Present Danger Standard. Government carries a heavy burden to justify prior restraints on speech. The Pentagon Papers were a historical document not a classified document, and it reinforced the Near vs. Minnesota thinking.
Term
Who was the sociologist who devolped the concept of "enduring values?"
Definition
Herbert Gans
Term
What similarity exists between the Pentagon Papers case and the H-bomb CASE (U.S. vs. Progressive)?
Definition
No attempt was made to prosecute the media following the publication.
Term
What are the condistions for invading te privacy of politicians?
Definition

- Placed in larger context of history

- Evidence linked to political behavior

-Must meet "need-to-know" 

 

 

Term
In the H-bomb case, the magazine alleged that all information in the article was obtained from the . . .
Definition
public library.
Term
In most traditional kinds of personal injury cases, the legal basis for a lawsuit is that the defendent acted with . .
Definition
negligence.
Term
In media ethics, deception is permitted. (True/False)
Definition
TRUE.
Term
Why are the so-called Pied Piper particularly troublesome for mass communicators?
Definition
Because the imitation typically was not an intended result.
Term
In Zamora v. Columbia Broadcasting System plaintiffs alleged that the defendants should be liable for. .
Definition
negligent excessive broadcasts of violence.
Term
The primary factor in ethical decision-making is
Definition
loyalty.
Term
______ may be defined as a false statement of fact that is disseminated about a person and tends to injure that person's reputation.
Definition
Libel
Term
The U.S. Supreme Court first injected constitutional standards into defamation law in 1964, in the landmark case of. . .
Definition
N.Y. vs. Sullivan.
Term
Who can be defamed?
Definition
Any living person or business.
Term
How false mmust a communicator's statement be in order for a libel plaintiff to win a lawsuit?
Definition
Substantially False
Term
In a libel lawsuit, "publication" occurs when defamatory statements are communicated to at least one other person..the..
Definition
so-called THIRD PARTY.
Term
The statute of limitations for libel claims, dpeending on the state, ranges between. .
Definition
six months and three years.
Term
What is thebasic theory behind appropriation law?
Definition
Individuals alone should have the right to the marketing/exploitation of their personages.
Term
If a poto consent form is signed gratuitously - without compensation - this means. . .
Definition
Consent may be legally withdrawn at tany reasonable time prior to publication .
Term
How is the tort of disclosure of private facts different from libel?
Definition
The false-light tort aims to compensate the individual for personal embarrassment and anguish, not for damage to reputation.
Term
Events that occur in public view almost always can be considered. . .
Definition
public.
Term
The branch of invasion of privacy known as intrusion occurs during. .
Definition
the information gathering process.
Term
Plaintiffs rarely win intrusion cases because. . .
Definition
the law will ask: "Was the individual in a place where he/;she could reasonably expect privacy?" A reasonable expectation of privacy cant exist in public places.
Term
The use of which of the following ehtical theories is the most dangerous on which to base a decision?
Definition
Utiliatarian
Term
It is possible for a story, ad, or press release to have all facts correct and still be wrong?
Definition
Yes.
Term
Which of the following best describes the difference between law and ethics?
Definition
Law sets a bottom line, a minimal standard. Under the Law, you have the right to publish . Ethics set a moral benchmark, an idla behavior level. In ethis, you hav the obligation to publish the truth.
Term
The most important factor in ethics is which of the following?
Definition
Loyalty and/or truth.
Term
The Categorical Imperative is best described by which of the following?
Definition
Emmanuel Kant's Rule-based theory - "a rule is a rule is a rule."
Term
The most important attainable goal in ehics is which of the following?
Definition
Morality and/or truth.
Term
Generally, the First Amendment recognizes the public's right to know.
Definition
FALSE.
Term
The word ethics is connected intrinsically to questions of:
Definition
correct conduct within society.
Term
In most cases, content restrictions on protected expressions can be upheld only if. . .
Definition

1. It is narrowly tailored to serve a compelling state interest.

2. It is the "least restrictive means to further the articulated interest." 

Term
Sometimes there is implied consent to enter private property, usnd the legal doctrine of. .
Definition
Custom and Usage.
Term
When plaintiffs in trespass cases are unable to show they were actually harmed, courts have traditionally awarded. . .
Definition
Nominal damages to the plaintiff, usually a dollar amount.
Term
In two recent Surpreme Court cases, Wilson v. Layne and Hanlon v. Berger, law enforcement officers brought media along during residential searches. The Court said the government could be liable for. . .
Definition
Unreasonable government searches and seizures.
Term
When photographers trespass, do landowners have the immediate legal right to confiscate any film that was shot while trespassing?
Definition
-No, the act of trespass does not give property owners a right to your property.
Term
When members of the media are welcomed upon privately controlled property,
Definition
The  consent  does not necessarily extend to the full range of newsgathering activities, such as photography and taping.
Term
At the scenes of accidents, crimes, and natural diasters, newspeople in all states have a legal right to. . .
Definition
None of the above. A press pass may be issued to grant access but it not required by law to grant access; a law in California states news peple can cross police lines but that law is interpreted narrowly and don't apply to all states.
Term
When government voluntarily opens it's facilities to the general public, it generally may. . .
Definition
Not single out the media or certain members for exclusion.
Term
State open- meeting laws require not only that meetings be conducted openly, but also that
Definition
the agencies must provide advance public notice of their meetings.
Term
The state open-meeting laws apply
Definition
to public bodies and the committees they appoint as well. The agencies must provide advance public notice of their meetings.
Term
Whether a "meeting" is taking place is determined by. . .
Definition

- The notice-and-agenda requirments

- Number of members present and the nature of the discussion

Term
The federal Sunshine Act applies only to. . .
Definition
Executive Branch (excluding the White House staff)
Term
The FOIA specifies how many disclosure exemptions that government may use to keep documents. .
Definition
- 9 disclouse exemptions
Term
According to the Freedom of Information Act, how much time does the Navy have to respond your document request?
Definition
- 20 working days.
Term
If you wanted to appeal the Navy's initial refusal of your FOI request, you would first appeal to:
Definition
- The Federal District Court
Term
The use of which of the following ethical theories is th most dangerous on which to base a decision:
Definition
- Gut reaction
Term
It Which of the following best describes the difference between law and ethics?
Definition
Law sets a bottom line, a minimal standardd - right to publish.
Term
Practicing deception requires which of the following?
Definition

- Profound importance

- No other alternatives

 

Term

Which of the following is the optimum level of decision-making?

 

Definition

-impact of credibility

- consequences

-motives

-

Term
Lying is inextricably linked to which of the following?
Definition
Secrecy
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