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JO Test #3
History of Journalism
37
Journalism
Undergraduate 2
11/17/2008

Additional Journalism Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Muckraking
Definition
American investigative journalism from late 1800's to late 1900's. They investigated and exposed societal issues inciting reform.
Term
Ida Tarbell
Definition
Pioneer muckraking journalist who wrote a profile on John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Company. It was a 19 part series that eventually was turned into a book in 1904, The History of the Standard Oil Company. It covered Rockefeller's entire journey through the business. Rockefeller was monopolizing the oil business and profiting unfairly from railroads. She used public records and court documents.
Term
Ray Stannard Baker
Definition
American muckraker for McClure's magazine. He said we muckrake not because we hate the world, but because we love it. We're optimists who think the US is not living up to its standards.
Term
Upton Sinclair
Definition
Wrote the 1906 novel, The Jungle, which dealt with the corruption of the US meat packing industry in the early 20th century. He wrote about his experiences at a meat packing plant on Chicago in novel form. People were so disgusted with the book it led to reform. It led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act and the Food and the Pure Drug Act of 1906.
Term
Lincoln Steffens
Definition
Muckraking journalist for McClure's magazine. His work, "The Shame of the Cities" sought to expose public corruption in major US cities. City bosses were abusing powers. It led to laws protecting civil servants.
Term
The Ponzi Scheme
Definition
Term
H.L. Mencken
Definition
American journalist who began career as a reporter in Baltimore. Chronicled his life in "Newspaper Days" the memoirs of his life as a young reporter.
Term
Isolationism
Definition
Strong feeling throughout the US that America should not get involved in WWI. The US should take advantage of location and stay out of European issues.
Term
Committee on Public Information
Definition
Committee established by Woodrow Wilson at the beginning of US involvement in WWI in 1917. The committed was headed by George Creel and was nicknamed Creel's Committee. It was basically a government group creating propaganda. It was meant to influence American opinion toward supporting American opinion in supporting US involvement in WWI. They created press releases that we're essentially true in what they said, but were selective in wait they said to persuade people. They also published the official government newspaper, the Official Bulletin. The CPI is the first systematic spread of propaganda.
Term
Espionage Act of 1917
Definition
Law passed shortly after US entered WWI. It made it a crime for someone to convey information or false reports meant to interfere with operation of US armed forces.
Term
Sedition Act of 1918
Definition
Amendment to Espionage Act that made it a crime to print, publish or write disloyal, profane or abusive language about US government.
Term
Battlefield Censorship
Definition
Rules and regulations for reporters and photographers during WWI. Everything they sent to their papers had to be cleared by Military Intelligence Service.
Term
Military Intelligence Service
Definition
Organization headed by Major Frederick Taylor, in charge of inspecting stories and photos of WWI before they were sent home.
Term
Stars and Stripes
Definition
Newspaper for soldiers by soldiers. Set up in Europe in 1918 for WWI.
Term
Negative Effects of Censorship
Definition
It minimized or masks the failures and screw-ups of officers, so that ineffective officers continued their leadership. It allowed the government to bamboozle the public and manipulate what people know and when they find it out. It violates the expectations of the audience.
Term
Positive Effects of Censorship
Definition
It protects the details that could give information away to enemies. Journalists are doing their patriotic part of war effort.
Term
Heywood Brown
Definition
He was Pulitzer's World reporter covering war in Europe. When he came home he broke the story about how the army was undersupplied and was fined $10,000.
Term
Schenck vs. US
Definition
Supreme Court decision in 1919 concerning whether defendant possessed right to free speech against the draft. Schenck created pamplets encouraging young men to use political means to end the draft. He was charged under the Espionage Act and jailed. Ultimately, Schenck's conviction was upheld because the court decided that the 1st amendment does not apply when there is "clear and present danger."
Term
Debs vs. US
Definition
In June, 1918, Debs went to Ohio where 3 socialists were jailed for opposing the draft. He gave a speech in favor of the prisoners and was arrested under the Espionage Act and jailed for 10 years.
Term
Abrams vs. US
Definition
A Russian immigrant in New York City wrote a pamphlet against US invasion of Russia. He called for a strike of workers of war materials.
Term
Hertz
Definition
He was a German physicist who discovered electromagnetic waves have a frequency in the 1880's. This is an extremely important discovery in the expansion of radio.
Term
Marconi
Definition
He founded the first wireless telegraph signal company, the radio.
Term
David Sarnoff
Definition
He was the leader of radio and television as the founder of NBC and leader of RCA. He began his career with the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of America, which later become the Radio Corporation of America (RCA).
Term
Point to Mass Communication
Definition
Information being passed from one source to one other receiver.
Term
Point to Point Communication
Definition
Information passed from one source to multiple recievers.
Term
Broadcast Network
Definition
News networks own affiliates that broadcast their material over multiple stations. The networks share a send of their profits to the affiliates
Term
Federal Radio Commission
Definition
It was created by the Federal Radio Act of 1927 in order to regulate radio use "as the public convenience, interest or necessity requires." The commission had the power to grant or deny licenses and assign frequencies and power levels to each license.
Term
Communications Act of 1934
Definition
Replaced the Federal Radio Commission with the Federal Communications Commission. Regulates all radio spectrum, including television and all interstate telecommunications.
Term
Section 315
Definition
Created equal time provision which required radio stations to cover opposing candidates for equal amount of time.
Term
William S. Paley
Definition
Built CBS from small radio network into one of the foremost radio and television corporations in the US. Recognized programming as the most important part of programming. Signed on many affiliates to ensure wide distribution.
Term
TIME Magazine
Definition
Created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, the first weekly news magazine in the US. Summarizes, digests and interprets news. Personalized and dramatized world events.
Term
Henry Luce
Definition
Anti-Communist, pro-American, Christian views represented in magazine. Re-writers made stories constant. "Show me a man who thinks he's objective and I'll show you a man who's deceiving himself." After Luce retires in 1954 his publications become more liberal. Writers drop his style and have individual voices.
Term
Luce Press
Definition
Time (1923), Fortune (1930), Life (1936), Sports Illustrated (1950's), People (1974)
Term
The New Yorker
Definition
Magazine started in 1925 by Harold Ross, metropolitan sensibilities and sophisticated tone. Backed financially by Raoul Fleischman. Had special features, long, detailed profiles. Featured great talent, such as James Thurber (humorous sketch artist) and E.B. White (essayist).
Term
Harold Ross
Definition
Journalist and founder of New Yorker magazine. Worked for Stars and Stripes in Paris during WWI. attracted great talent to his magazine. Was so dedicated and worked long hours. Strived to keep magazine clear and conscious.
Term
Fireside Chats
Definition
FDR's chats with the American people through the radio. Talked calmly and did not raise voice.
Term
Edward R. Murrow
Definition
Hired to work for CBS in the 1930's. Went to London during WWII to do lectures over the air. Helped FDR battle isolationist movement. Wanted to do lectures live, but Britain military would not allow it. He thought it would help and did a trial run. He got to go live. Could hear bombs in back, but Murrow remained calm and painted a picture of the seen for those at home.
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