Term
| What is your first duty as a journalist? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the freedoms listed in the first ammendment? |
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Definition
| speech, press, religion, assembly, petition |
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Term
| Give an example of a time when it is difficult to accept free speech. |
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Definition
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Term
| Is hate speech protected by the 1st amendment? |
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Definition
| yes, that's why the Westboro Baptist Church gets to protest |
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Term
| Who decides what is protected by the 1st amendment and what is not? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the restrictions to free speech? |
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Definition
| slander, sedition, creates chaos/harm/violence, treason, libel, pornography, some protection for children, schools/public libraries, free speech zone (main walkway on tempe) |
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Term
| In America, do we have prior restraint/ censorship before publishing/ speaking or do we just have consequences after publishing/ speaking? |
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Definition
| We have consequences after. |
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Term
| Why is the press considered the 4th estate in American government? (The other three being the executive, legislative, and judicial). |
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Definition
| Because the press is considered the watchdog, and restrains the government. |
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Term
| Is it possible to be totally unbiased? |
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Definition
| No, but you should strive to be. You need to recognize the biases you have and manage them. |
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Term
| How should a journalist decide what they should publish? |
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Definition
| The primary concern is to tell the truth to the public, but you should also be aware of who is at stake/ will be affected by revealing the truth. You want to minimize the harm. You should also make sure that it is something the public actually needs to know. There is not always one right answer. |
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Term
| How should a journalist make an ethical decision? |
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Definition
| Consult with other people, discussion, conversation, weigh harms and benefits |
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Term
| What was the first national debate of significance? |
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Definition
| Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglass' congressional debate. |
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Term
| What was the first presidential debate of significance? |
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Definition
| John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon. |
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Term
| Between Kennedy and Nixon, who would TV viewers of the debate say won and who would radio listeners say won? |
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Definition
| TV viewers would say Kennedy won because he was more attractive, but radio listeners would say Nixon won. |
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Term
| Why didn't we have presidential debates sooner? |
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Definition
| Due to an FCC ruling, networks had to give equal time to all candidates, which was too difficult. The FCC temporarily disbanded the ruling later to allow the Kennedy/Nixon debate. |
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Term
| Why is TV monitored by the FCC and not newspapers? |
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Definition
| Because TV airwaves are limited, but the amount of newspapers are not. |
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Term
| When did TV become an important part of presidential campaigns? |
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Definition
| When televised debates became a popular and expected part of presidential campaigns. |
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Term
| Where do most Americans get their news? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a criticism of local TV news? |
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Definition
| Excessive crime coverage which doesn't accurately reflect how safe the world is |
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Term
| When did local TV news take off? |
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Definition
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Term
| How had local TV news changed by 1990s? |
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Definition
| Local TV news in the 90s was on a 24 hr news cycle. They had downsized their staff, had much less differentiation between the stations (everyone doing news the same). |
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Term
| What did the Communications Act of 1934 affect? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Sarnoff was a powerful businessman who was important to the history of radio. He was Marconi's protege and licensed the audion for him. He was a wireless operator when the Titanic sunk, and in 1916 did the “Radio Music Box Memo.” He started a communications company. |
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Term
| What did Ted Turner start? |
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Definition
| Turner broadcasting which turned into CNN |
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Term
| Which is better: cable or broadcast? |
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Definition
| Cable was better because it catered to specific interests and needs, and could make more money |
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Term
| How does cable make money? |
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Definition
| Cable makes more money with subscribers, cheaper budget, air reports multiple times a day, more specific advertising, and a specific, target audience. |
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Term
| Broadcast is _____ and cable is ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| How do most people get their online news? |
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Definition
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Term
| During the Civil Rights Era, who was covering civil rights issues for years before mainstream media picked it up? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which civil rights leaders utilized the media to help their causes? |
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Definition
| Martin Luther King Jr. and Caesar Chavez. They needed the press to get attention, because there was no way that the public opinion would change without the press. |
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Term
| How was the press used during the Civil Rights Era? |
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Definition
| To cover marches, speeches, boycotts, and public events. |
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Term
| What would have happened without media coverage of the Civil Rights Movement? |
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Definition
| It would have taken a lot longer to move forward. |
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Term
| What is an example of visual images being published during the Civil Rights Movement? |
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Definition
| Emmitt Till. He was a little boy who whistled at white woman, was lynched, beaten, and thrown in river. His body was taken back to Chicago, and his mom went on TV and let the pics be published. It helped change public opinion. |
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Term
| Were all southern newspaper editors pro-segregation? |
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Definition
| No, some were courageous enough to publish that segregation was not okay and needed to end. |
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Term
| What were some problems that northern newspapers had when they first began to hear about the civil rights problems in the south? |
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Definition
| They didn't have reporters in the south or resources, they were very unprepared, they had little knowledge of recent events. There were no bureaus. The New York Times sent someone to south, but mainstream white press was unprepared because they had not paid attention to civil rights issues prior to then. |
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Term
| Which Supreme Court decision started the Civil Rights Movement? |
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Definition
| Brown vs Board of Education in 1954 |
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Term
| What did the Civil Rights Movement do to the "talking head" reporters? |
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Definition
| Reporters were going to the scene and interviewing people, and taping actions of police and demonstrators. |
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Term
| What radio station did Caesar Chavez start with? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| largest spanish speaking TV station in the US. |
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Term
| What is the Kenner Commission? |
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Definition
| It was established by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in the United States and to provide recommendations for the future. |
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Term
| What is the difference between how the president and the press act in colonial times and how they act now? |
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Definition
| In colonial times there was a difference between public and private life, and the press wouldn't cover private life. Press has always criticized the president. But in the past they wouldn't comment on the president and other elected officials children, health, or sexual activity. |
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Term
| What was the gentleman's agreement? |
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Definition
| That the press wouldn't comment on somethings because they were off limits. |
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Term
| How did Watergate change things? |
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Definition
| Watergate destroyed trust because press was lied to and that carried over to public opinion. The public didn't trust officials to tell truth anymore. |
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Term
| Why was Gary Hart an idiot? |
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Definition
| Gary Hart was running for president in early 1980s, and dared press to investigate his private life, saying that he was "boring." Press put a tail on him and found out he was having an affair. |
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Term
| What happened to save Bill Clinton after he was outed for his sexual scandal? |
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Definition
| Hillary saved him on TV with 60 minutes after he comforted her when a lightbulb exploded. |
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Term
| Who broke John Edward's affair? |
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Definition
| The National Enquirer. Mainstream media knew but didn't report on it, so NE did it for them. |
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Term
| What does it mean when people say that the press had a "crush" on Obama? |
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Definition
| It is a criticism that mainstream media had favorable coverage of Obama as opposed to other candidates. |
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Term
| What are some problems with political polls? |
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Definition
| They aren't always done right, not scientific, a lot of it is done by one interest group or candidate, and are not always reliable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Polls help in ascertaining public opinion/ get a picture of how people might be leaning. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is FOIA (Freedom Of Information Act)? |
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Definition
| It was an act that stated that public records should be open to the public. The Bush Administration was criticized for restricting access to info. Obama promised that the public sector would be much more transparent, but he has been criticized for that not happening as much. |
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Term
| Do public record laws vary from state to state? |
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Definition
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Term
| When did investigative reporting start? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are muckrakers connected to investigative reporting? |
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Definition
| They are fact based, records based, and interview based. |
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Term
| Why did muckrakers work mostly appear in magazines? |
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Definition
| Because the stories could reach a national audience. There was also more space, more time to write, pictures, and advertisers could reach a mass audience. |
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Term
| How are investigative journalists today different from muckrakers? |
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Definition
| They use the same techniques but have different objectives. They still do some undercover work. Muckrakers were motivated by ideology; they wanted to change the world. Investigative journalists today follow more objective goals, and are more conscientious of presenting both sides of the story. |
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Term
| What has happened to investigative reporting during war times? |
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Definition
| Readers are usually not interested in investigative reporting. Usually, people want unity in supporting the government. During 9/11, people believed that there were weapons of mass destruction, and didn't want to listen to people who said that wasn't the case. But in the 60s and 70s, during Vietnam and Civil Rights, people wanted investigative reporting. |
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Term
| Who was Don Bowles and what happened to him? |
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Definition
| He was the most famous investigative reporter in AZ, and he was killed in a car bomb because of what his stories were about. That almost never happens in US, but happens often in other countries. Reporters tried to finish what he started, called the Arizona Project, which detailed corruption and the mofia, influencing political officials. |
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Term
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Definition
| Someone who sees something wrong and alerts the media, usually someone inside the organization. |
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Term
| Who is the most famous whistleblower? |
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Definition
| "Deepthroat" (Mark Felt Sr.) who was inside the FBI. He anonymously told Woodward what was going on with Watergate. |
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Term
| What does "If your mother says she loves you- check it out" mean? |
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Definition
| It is a rule of investigative reporting. It means to check every single fact, and don't believe anyone. |
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Term
| What is the most famous ethic code for journalists? |
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Definition
| The SPJ ethic code. One ethical situation it talks about are undercover investigations, and how you should be truthful about who you are and what your purpose is, and identify yourself and your purpose. |
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Term
| Are journalism ethic codes voluntary? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does it mean to have an anonymous source? |
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Definition
| You can use the info the source give you, but you don't use their name. You can identify them by position instead of name. |
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Term
| What is background and deep background? |
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Definition
| The source just wants you to know the info so that you can find more info and other sources, but not use anything they say in print or TV, or attribute it to them. |
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Term
| What is the difference between on the record and off the record? |
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Definition
| If something is on the record you can use their words and attribute the words to them. If it is off the record you cannot use their words. |
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Term
| What happened with the Pentagon Papers? |
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Definition
| Showed that what the public had been told about US involvement in Vietnam was not true. It paved the way for Watergate and more investigative journalism. New York Times published the Pentagon Papers but not before a court case (a rare issue of prior restraint, the government said that it was an issue of national security). |
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Term
| What were some techniques used by Woodward and Bernstein during their reporting of Watergate? |
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Definition
| Awkward silence (make use of the silence to get sources to talk), building sources from the ground up, persistence (showing up at doors), and always confirming information from more than one person. |
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Term
| How did Walter Cronkite report on Watergate? |
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Definition
| He got into the public consciousness by doing two broadcasts on Watergate (15 minutes). |
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Term
| How did Vietnam and Watergate impact the relationship between press and government? |
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Definition
| There was a loss of trust, journalists started to perceive themselves as watchdogs and started to take that role seriously. Reporters increased reporting of public officials' private lives and there were more confrontational relationships between press and the government. |
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Term
| What are some changes that happened as a result of Watergate? |
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Definition
| Officials became more secretive, Woodward and Bernstein became celebrities, there was an increase in use of confidential sources, grassroots movement for sunshine laws/open public record laws started. |
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Term
| What was the nickname given to Nixon's White House surveillance team? |
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Definition
| The Plumbers for stopping leaks. |
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Term
| How is New Journalism/ Literary Journalism different than average, hard journalism? |
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Definition
| The reporters voice is more clear, and there is a stronger 1st person perspective. There are longer pieces, flowery, not concise news and it takes longer to get the story. |
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Term
| When did New Journalism/ Literary Journalism begin? |
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Definition
| It has been around since muckrakers, about 100 years ago. It came alive in 70s & 80s with the explosion of alternative press. Examples: The Village Boys, Phoenix New Times. |
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Term
| What are some techniques for New Journalism/ Literary Journalism? |
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Definition
| It is not always written in the inverted pyramid style. There is a lot of storytelling. They have solid reporting, but collect information to make assumptions. |
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Term
| What is the difference between New Journalism/ Literary Journalism and investigative reporting? |
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Definition
| New Journalism/ Literary Journalism has more emotion. Investigative reporting is more straight-forward and fact based. |
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Term
| Who was Hunter S Thompson? |
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Definition
| Hunter S Thompson was a radical journalist from Las Vegas who wrote about the motorcycle gang "Hell's Angles." He created gonzo journalism. He was into sex, drugs and rock n roll. |
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Term
| What is gonzo journalism? |
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Definition
| Gonzo journalism is a style of journalism that is written without claims of objectivity, often including the reporter as part of the story via a first-person narrative. Created by Hunter S Thompson. |
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Term
| What is immersion/ saturation reporting? |
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Definition
| It is where you immerse yourself in the story/culture/lives of people you're reporting on. Ex: Into the Wild, Red Badge of Courage |
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Term
| Are there more women on air as reporters or as editors/directors? |
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Definition
| On air as reporters, not usually as managers or as upper-level staff (like news room directors). |
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Term
| What was significant about Mary Marvin Breckenridge? |
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Definition
| She was the women in the Murrow Boys group. |
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Term
| What is Christiane Amanpour famous for? |
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Definition
| She is a celebrated war correspondent. |
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Term
| Who was the first women to win a Pulitzer prize for international reporting? |
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Definition
| Margaret Higgins who reported on WWII and Vietnam. |
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Term
| Who was the first woman photojournalist to have a picture on the cover of Life Magazine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was the first female solo news anchor for a national news network? |
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Definition
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Term
| Between what years was the internet being developed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the internet first used for? |
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Definition
| Military purposes of gathering information. In case of a nuclear war, there would still be a way to communicate and share info. |
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Term
| Why did the internet become public? |
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Definition
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Term
| How has the internet affected journalism? |
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Definition
| Anyone can publish, and it changes how people get news. It also changes advertising revenue, so legacy journalism relies less on advertising. Public/user is in charge now. With the internet, it is easier to try new things because the cost of failure is low. |
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Term
| Who decides if a story is worthwhile with the internet? |
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Definition
| The public, because they have so much info they can choose what they want/ are interested in seeing. |
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Term
| What kind of issues do the internet have as a news medium? |
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Definition
| It is international, and the rules for news/journalism isn't the same everywhere. Cyberbullying. |
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Term
| What problems would the government have in making cyberbullying a crime? |
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Definition
| They would have to define cyberbullying, and it is very difficult to make laws that limit free speech ahead of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| There are various ways for people to know where other people are, geofencing. |
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Term
| What is augmented reality? |
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Definition
| Using devices to show you things that aren't really there. |
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Term
| What is artificial intelligence? |
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Definition
| The intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. Like Siri for the IPhone. |
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Term
| Which has more traffic: Google or Facebook? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is the telegraph like the internet? |
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Definition
| It is wireless, revolutionized communication, speed, and changed how stories were reported (development of inverted pyramid). |
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Term
| What is the primary source of revenue for TV and newspapers? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is advertising on the internet better than on TV or newspapers? |
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Definition
| It is cheaper and easier to target specific audiences. |
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Term
| What is the push-pull notion? |
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Definition
| Newspapers used to push info onto the public, but now the public pulls info from the internet (via mobile devices sometimes). Newspapers/TV liked determining when and what news we got. They are afraid that is being diminished by the internet. |
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Term
| What is accountability journalism? |
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Definition
| It is holding people in power responsible for their actions. |
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Term
| What happens as news becomes more polarized? |
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Definition
| As news becomes more polarized people can't decide what news is, and news loses its objectivity and accuracy. People want to listen to what they already agree with. |
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Term
| What is a Schumpeterian moment? |
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Definition
| When something old get destroyed, cataclysmic, to make way for something new, gale of creative destruction. |
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Term
| Does the world need newspapers? |
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Definition
| No, but it needs journalism. |
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