Term
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Definition
| The way fluid circulates throughout the body |
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Term
| Hydrostatic Pressure and Osmotic Pressure |
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Definition
| The way water moves between compartments |
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Term
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Definition
| Way to control fluid balance; Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| promotes reabsoprtion of water into blood from kidney tubules |
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Term
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Definition
| determines reabsorption of sodium ions and water |
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Term
| Atrial natiuretic peptide |
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Definition
| regulates fluid, Na and KCL levels |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How much of the body is fluid? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Excessive fluid in the interstitial compartment
- causes swelling of tissue and impair tissue perfusion
- may be localized or throughout the body
- may trap drugs in interstitial fluids |
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Term
| Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure |
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Definition
- due to higher BP or increased blood volume
- forces fluid out of capillaries into tissue
- cause of pulmonary edema |
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Term
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Definition
| Particularly albumin; Results in decreased plasma osmotic pressure; |
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Term
| Obstruction of lymphatic circulation |
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Definition
Causes localized edema
- excessive fluid and protein not returned to general circulation |
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Term
| Increased capillary permeability |
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Definition
Usually causes localized edema
- may result from an inflammatory response or infection
- histamines and other chemical mediators increase capillary
permeability
Can also result from some bacterial toxins or large burn wounds and result in widespread edema |
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Term
| Effects of edema- swelling |
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Definition
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Term
| Effects of edema- pitting edema |
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Definition
- presence of excess interstitial fluid
- moves aside when pressure is applied by finger
- depression -- "pit" remains when finger is removed |
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Term
| Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure |
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Definition
- due to higher BP or increased blood volume
- forces fluid out of capillaries into tissue
- cause of pulmonary edema |
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Term
| Effects of edema- increased body weight |
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Definition
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Term
| Effects of edema- functional impairment |
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Definition
- restricts range of joint movement
- reduced vital capacity (because fluid is squishing against it)
- impaired diastole |
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Term
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Definition
- edema exerts pressure on nerves locally
- headache with cerebral edema
- stretching of capsule in organs (kidney, liver) |
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Term
| Effects of edema- impaired arterial circulation |
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Definition
| Ischemia leading to tissue breakdown |
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Term
| Effects of edema- dental practice |
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Definition
- difficult to take accurate impressions
- dentures do not fit well |
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Term
| Effects of edema- edema in skin |
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Definition
| Susceptible to tissue breakdown from pressure |
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Term
| We lose water routinely when we.... |
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Definition
- breathe
- as humidified air leaves the body
- sweat to cool the body
- urinate or have a bowel movement |
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Term
| Dehydration - insufficient body fluid |
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Definition
Inadequate intake, excessive loss or both
- Fluid loss measured in body weight change and output
- Dehydration more serious in infants and older adults
- Water loss -- loss of electrolytes and proteins (ex:diarrhea) |
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Term
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Definition
- Vomiting and diarrhea and excessive sweating
- Diabetic ketoacidosis (osmotic diuresis and lyte loss)
- Insufficient water intake (older adults or unconscious)
- Use of concentrated formula in infants |
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Term
| Manifestations of Dehydration |
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Definition
- decreased skin turgor and dry mucous membranes
- sunken eyes
- sunken fontanelles in infant
- lower blood pressure, rapid weak pulse
- increased hematocrit
- increased temperature
- decreasing level of consciousness
- urine: low volume and high specific gravity |
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Term
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Definition
| Lab value that shows percentage of RBCs in blood |
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Term
| Compensation for fluid loss |
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Definition
- increasing thirst and heart rate
- constriction of cutaneous blood vessels
- producing less urine that is concentrated |
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Term
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Definition
Fluid shifts out of the blood into a body cavity or tissue and can no longer reenter vascular compartment
- high osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid as in burns
- increased capillary permeability (some gram neg infections)
If you lose fluid, heart rate goes up - tacchycardia
- always lose from vascular space |
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Term
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Definition
- primary cation in ECF
- Sodium diffuses between vascular and interstitial fluids
- Transport into and out of cells by sodium-potassium pump
- actively secreted into mucus and other secretions
- exists in form of sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate
- ingested in food and beverages |
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Term
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Definition
Cause fluid imbalance in compartments
- fatigue, muscle cramps, abdominal discomfort or cramps,
nausea, vomiting |
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Term
| Decreased osmotic pressure in ECF compartment |
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Definition
Fluid shift into cells
- hypovolemia and decreased blood pressure
Cerebral edema
- confusion, headache, weakness, seizures |
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Term
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Definition
Cause is imbalance in sodium and water
- insufficient ADH (diabetes insipidus)
- results in larde volume of dilute urine
- loss of thirst mechanism
- watery diarrhea
- prolonged periods of rapid respiration
- ingestion of large amounts od sodium without enough water |
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Term
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Definition
- weakness, agitation
- dry, rough mucous membranes
- edema
- increased thirst (if thirst mechanism is functional)
- increased blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
- Major intracellular cation
- Serum levels are low with a narrow range
- Ingested in foods
- Excreted primarily in urine
- Insulin promotes movement of potassium into cells
- Levels influenced by the acid-base balance
- Abnormal potassium levels cause changes in cardiac conduction and are LIFE THREATENING |
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Term
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Definition
- weakness, agitation
- dry, rough mucous membranes
- edema
- increased thirst (if thirst mechanism is functional)
- increased blood pressure |
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Term
| Fluid deficit- dehydration |
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Definition
Water loss: loss of electrolytes and proteins (diarrhea)
Causes:
-vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating
-diabetic koto acidosis (osmotic diuretics and lyte loss)
-insufficient water intake (older adults and unconscious)
-use of concentrated formula in infants |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of water in the tissues in the vascular space |
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Term
| manifestations of dehydration |
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Definition
-dereased skin turgor and dry mucous membranes
-if you pinch skin and it stays that is a sign of dehydration
-sunken eyes
-sunken fontanelles in infant
-lower blood pressure, rapid weak pulse
-increased hematocrit
-increased temperature
-decreasing level of consciousness
-urine: low volume an dhigh specific gravity |
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Term
| compensation for fluid loss |
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Definition
-increasing thirst and heart rate
-constriction of cutaneous blood vesses
-producing less urine that is concentrated |
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Term
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Definition
Fluid shifts out og the blood into a body cavity or tissue ad can no longer reenter vascular compartent
-high osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid as in burns
-increased capillary permeability (some gram-negative infections)
**if you lose fluid (always from the vascular space), heart rate goes up (tacchycardia) |
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Term
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Definition
-primary cation in ECF
-sodium diffuses between vascular and interstitial fluids
-transport into and out of cells by sodium-potassium pump
-actively secreted into mucus ad other secretions
-exists in form of sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate
-ingested in food and beverages |
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Term
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Definition
Low sodium levels
-cause fluid imbalabce in compartments
- fatigue, muscle cramps, abdominal discofort or cramps, nausea, vommiting |
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Term
| Fluid deficit- dehydration |
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Definition
Water loss: loss of electrolytes and proteins (diarrhea)
Causes:
-vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating
-diabetic koto acidosis (osmotic diuretics and lyte loss)
-insufficient water intake (older adults and unconscious)
-use of concentrated formula in infants |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of water in the tissues in the vascular space |
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Term
| manifestations of dehydration |
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Definition
-dereased skin turgor and dry mucous membranes
-if you pinch skin and it stays that is a sign of dehydration
-sunken eyes
-sunken fontanelles in infant
-lower blood pressure, rapid weak pulse
-increased hematocrit
-increased temperature
-decreasing level of consciousness
-urine: low volume an dhigh specific gravity |
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Term
| compensation for fluid loss |
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Definition
-increasing thirst and heart rate
-constriction of cutaneous blood vesses
-producing less urine that is concentrated |
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Term
|
Definition
Fluid shifts out og the blood into a body cavity or tissue ad can no longer reenter vascular compartent
-high osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid as in burns
-increased capillary permeability (some gram-negative infections)
**if you lose fluid (always from the vascular space), heart rate goes up (tacchycardia) |
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Term
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Definition
-primary cation in ECF
-sodium diffuses between vascular and interstitial fluids
-transport into and out of cells by sodium-potassium pump
-actively secreted into mucus ad other secretions
-exists in form of sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate
-ingested in food and beverages |
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