Term
| Art Moderne was symbolized by the use of what form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List two aspects of the design of Rockefeller Center that contribute to its success as an urban space. |
|
Definition
Streets continue through
Functional ground floor promotes street life |
|
|
Term
| The roof terraces in Rockefeller Center were said to be influenced by what ancient precedent? |
|
Definition
| Hanging Gardens of Babylon |
|
|
Term
| Briefly describe how Hood developed the massing of the RCA Building. |
|
Definition
| Setbacks based on elevator cores, 24 ft of office space surrounding |
|
|
Term
| List one exterior detail that allowed the Empire State Building to be constructed so quickly. |
|
Definition
| Windows flush with no setback or detailing joint |
|
|
Term
| What determined the locations of the setbacks in the RCA building? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______________ was the American architect whose urban idea of the tower in the park paralleled Le Corbusier's proposal for the city for 3 million. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Norman Bel Geddes' trademark motif was the ______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The designer in charge of the initial planning of Rockefeller Center was ______________. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| "Far from being a handicap, this discipline of being obliged to make a project stand on its own financial feet and to submit its details and materials to a constant critical analysis, leads to honesty and integrity of design. Under this stimulation the cobwebs of whimsy, taste, fashion, and vanity are brushed aside, and the architect finds himself face to face with the essential elements that go to make real architecture and real beauty." This is a quote by ______________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Name three major industrial designers who were active in the 1930s. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The apparent precedent for the massing of the Empire State Building was ________________. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The designer of the Dymaxion House was ______________. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The one word that best described the forms used to style Art Moderne designs was _______________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ________________ was the term used to describe the method of wrapping objects with sheet metal in an attempt to give them a futurist image. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| "Why not try nothing" was the rationale of _________________ for the design of what building? |
|
Definition
| New York Daily News Building |
|
|
Term
| "Dymaxion" was the term coined by _________________ which meant ________________. |
|
Definition
| Fuller, dynamic maximum tension |
|
|
Term
| List three differences between Art Deco buildings and Art Moderne buildings. |
|
Definition
Art Deco: angular, warm colors, vertical
Art Moderne: curved, cool colors, horizontal |
|
|
Term
| Frank Lloyd Wright's design of the Johnson Wax Building can be best described as his interpretation of what style? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The major design innovation in the Usonian houses that influenced the design of post-WW II suburban tract homes was ________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List two major details that Wright used in the Usonian house to control construction costs. |
|
Definition
Standardized units
Self-finished interior materials |
|
|
Term
| The "Usonian" house was designed by _________________. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Broadacre City was a project envisioned by ______________. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The client for Wright's "Fallingwater" house was _____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name two differences between Le Corbusier's design for the City for 3 million and his Radiant City. |
|
Definition
Raised buildings
Emphasize human form |
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|
Term
| Where did Le Corbusier get the idea for linear housing and cities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define Le Corbusier's idea of "a redent:" |
|
Definition
| Long, set back apartment blocks |
|
|
Term
| Le Corbusier's utopian city plan developed in the 1930s was named _______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List two design ideas incorporated in Ville Radieuse that were a direct response to the new battle techniques used in WWI. |
|
Definition
Buildings spread out in anticipation of aerial bombing
Pilotis because poison gas sinks low towards the ground |
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|
Term
| Le Corbusier first used the all-glass wall in what project? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List two important differences in the American city in 1960 between the actual International Style designs and the prediction of Bel Geddes in the 1939 GM Pavilion. |
|
Definition
Base of the building holds the street edge
No elevated walkways |
|
|
Term
| The trademark image of the 1939 World's Fair was the _______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The "Barcelona Chair" was designed by _________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List three important design ideas Mies employed in the Barcelona Pavilion. |
|
Definition
Asymmetry
Reflection
Free-standing planes |
|
|
Term
| The beach house in Newport Beach for Dr. Phillip Lovell was designed by _______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Upon his arrival in the US, Gropius assumed the directorship of the architecture school at ______________,
while Mies eventually was named head of the school at _________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List two requirements that had to be met by a building in order to qualify to be included in MOMA's 1932 "International Style" exhibition. |
|
Definition
Architecture as volume instead of mass
No arbitrary ornament to the building |
|
|
Term
| The projects most often associated with Nazi Germany were designed by architect _______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The only totalitarian regime in PreWWII Europe that did not adopt a literal Neo-classicism as the official style of the state was in what country? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Lovell Health House was designed by ________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How did the elevation of the McGraw-Hill Building differ from other skyscrapers designed by Hood? |
|
Definition
| Emphasized the horizontal and had continuous spandrels |
|
|
Term
| List two architects who immigrated to the US before Hitler rose to power who were early practitioners of the International Style in the US. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List two architects who immigrated to the US after Hitler rose to power who were early practitioners of the International Style in the US. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The two Austrian architects who came to the U.S. and worked with Wright were: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first European architect to bring the International Style to California was ______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What American is credited with the coining the term "International Style"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who was the last director of the German Bauhaus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name two skyscrapers built before WWII that exhibited the International Style in some of their parts, list the architect of each. |
|
Definition
PSFS Building- Howe and Lescaze
McGraw Hill Building- Hood |
|
|
Term
| The first skyscraper in the U.S. to exhibit the massing and the exterior language of the European Style" was the ______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The two curators of the MOMA show, "The International Style," were ______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The McGraw-Hill Building was designed by ________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Casa del Fascio was designed by _________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adolf Hitler chose ______________ architecture as symbolic of the Third Reich. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Philadelphia Savings Fund Society Building was designed by ________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Larson credit for the eventual appearance of columns in the Barcelona pavilion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A switch from the ribbon window to the use of floor to ceiling glazing marked the work in the 1930s of __________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Centrosoyuz Headquarters in Moscow was designed by________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List two details Mies used in his American buildings to divorce them from the existing urban fabric. |
|
Definition
Pilotis- lifts building off street level
Plazas- pulls away from street lines |
|
|
Term
| What advantage is there in offsetting the location of the core in the plan of a highrise office building? |
|
Definition
| Better for planning the space around the building, more variety of floor spaces |
|
|
Term
| What detail in the Lever House allows the pedestrian to reconnect with the tower after leaving the sidewalk? |
|
Definition
| Courtyard created by U-shaped lifted terrace |
|
|
Term
| What was the new architectural material whose price had dropped significantly after the end of WWII, that it quickly was adopted as the exterior material of choice for the next twenty years? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the lateral (wind) load structure of the Sears Building/World Trade Center. |
|
Definition
| Tube Structure: rigid frame structure of vertical columns, not cross bracing |
|
|
Term
| Describe the problem that "rationalist" International Style designers tried to avoid in the design of a skyscraper and what was the typical solution? |
|
Definition
| Couldn't express each column the same, cantilever floor/ends |
|
|
Term
| ___________________ was the last and tallest of the International Style glass box skyscrapers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why were the Lever House and the Seagram's Building much more expensive than the face value of their construction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kept the International Style glass box skyscraper from going no taller than the Chase Manhattan Bank? |
|
Definition
| Wind bracing structure was too expensive |
|
|
Term
| "Architecture is the will of an epoch translated into space" is a quote by ________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first post WWII glass box skyscraper in the US was the __________________. |
|
Definition
| Equitable Savings and Loan |
|
|
Term
| What two major projects were responsible for the large size of SOM by the end of WWII? |
|
Definition
VA Hospitals
Manhattan Projects |
|
|
Term
| What skyscraper marked the ultimate retreat from the street and the start of "Plaza-mania?" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The conceptual design of the UN office tower was the product of ________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "I don't want to be interesting, I want to be good" is a quote ascribed to _________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the difference in how Mies designed spaces in his pre-WW II European buildings and those in his post-WWII American buildings. |
|
Definition
Pre- Asymmetrical and free flow of space
Post- Rational and symmetrical |
|
|
Term
| List the three locations for a glass skin in a skyscraper and list a building from class that is an example of each type. |
|
Definition
Inside structural frame - Equitable Savings and Loan Bank
In front of structure - UN Headquarters
Behind structure - Inland Steel Building |
|
|
Term
| The difference between SOM's typical corner detail as represented in the Inland Steel Building and Mies' typical corner detail as represented in the Seagram's Building is: |
|
Definition
Mies- cantilever the floor half a bay past the last column
SOM- column placed in the corner to create a full bay |
|
|
Term
| Two reasons that explain why Mies cantilevered his roofs/floors beyond the corner columns are: |
|
Definition
Continuity of space
Emphasis of the plane |
|
|
Term
| List three differences between Mies design of the Farnsworth House, and Johnson's design of his Glass House. |
|
Definition
Johnson doesn't cantilever; Mies cantilevers
Johnson has black corners; Mies has white corner
Johnson is on ground; Mies is off ground |
|
|
Term
| List two reasons why the Farnsworth House was an environmental disaster. |
|
Definition
Non operable windows (too hot in the summer)
Single paned glass windows (too cold in the winter) |
|
|
Term
| The proportioning system developed and used by Le Corbusier was known as _______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The French term for the type of concrete construction used by Le Corbusier in his later projects is _________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| New research indicates that WWII had what two influences on the subsequent designs of Le Corbusier? |
|
Definition
Softer curvilinear shapes
Use of raw concrete |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| balcony/sun baffle wall; response to southern sun |
|
|
Term
| A relatively new interpretation of Le Corbusier's use of concrete following WWII states that he was influenced by __________________. |
|
Definition
| German concrete fortifications for atomic bomb |
|
|
Term
| Where did the term Brutalism initially come from? |
|
Definition
| Le Corbusier's use of exposed concrete in Unie d'Habitation |
|
|
Term
| La Tourette was designed by _________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Chapel at Ronchamp was designed by _________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What technology did Eero Saarinen adopt from the automobile industry in the detailing of the GM Tech Center? |
|
Definition
| Neoprene gasket glazing on windows |
|
|
Term
| What one major reservation about the design of Dulles did Larson express? |
|
Definition
| Central drain in middle rather than side, visually disturbing |
|
|
Term
| What two major reservations about the design of Kresge auditorium did Larson express? |
|
Definition
Acoustically inappropriate shape of auditorium
Structure not expressed on inside |
|
|
Term
| The inspiration for the scale of Eero Saarinen's site plan of the GM Tech Center was __________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List three technological innovations in construction developed by Eero Saarinen that would become standard techniques during the late 1960s. |
|
Definition
Neoprene glazing gaskets
Lightweight insulated panel wall
Self oxidizing steel |
|
|
Term
| Name two American industrial designers that were very influential in the 1950s. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define Tensegrity. Who is credited with developing this theory? |
|
Definition
| Tension and integrity, compression units are discontinuous and held together by tension cables Fuller |
|
|
Term
| How is a hyperbolic paraboloid generated? |
|
Definition
| Double curvature, one goes up and one doen |
|
|
Term
| Why must tensile surfaces be given an anticlastic curvature? |
|
Definition
| To resist windload in tension |
|
|
Term
| How did Fuller account for the solar gain in the 1967 U.S. Pavilion? |
|
Definition
| Building tracks sun, each unit has own independent shade |
|
|
Term
| What is considered to have been the first Metabolist project? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did Tange consciously change from Saarinen’s Yale Hockey Rink in his Tokyo Olympic Gymnasium? |
|
Definition
| Inverted it, cable instead of arch |
|
|
Term
| What do you consider to be the most important quality of Metabolist architecture? |
|
Definition
| Large scale with modular cells, able to grow and connect |
|
|
Term
| What did Tange say was the difference between his 1960 Plan for Tokyo Bay and Haussmann’s Plan of Paris? |
|
Definition
| Orthogonal and grid like approach instead of radial arrangement of Paris |
|
|
Term
| In what country did Metabolist architecture originate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name two Metabolist architects who were students of Tange. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who was the architect of the Nagakin Capsule Tower? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the term “Structuralism” as used by Herman Hertzberger. |
|
Definition
| Create overall space, people make it their own |
|
|
Term
| List three members of Archigram. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Although influenced by Bucky Fuller, Archigram’s members had one significant difference in their design approach. What was it? |
|
Definition
| Not interested in the efficient use of materials |
|
|
Term
| Describe Peter Cook’s “Instant City.” |
|
Definition
| "anti-architecture," inflatable airships drop minimal infrastructure |
|
|
Term
| Who designed the “Walking City?” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two deviations from the International Style in the Yale Art Gallery represent Kahn's initial break with this style? |
|
Definition
Horizontal brick cores
Exposed concrete structure |
|
|
Term
| The occupiable exterior wall was a technique that evolved in the work of _______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The "occupiable wall" is a major theme used by ______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In describing the atrium of the Yale Museum of British Art, Larson pointed out a problem that has always plagued architects. This was: |
|
Definition
| Losing corner columns on the interior |
|
|
Term
| Kahn's pyramidal waffle slab in the Yale Art Museum was inspired by _________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kahn's use of hollow structure is thought to have derived from what technique of his Beaux-Arts training? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "Let me tell you how I was made" describes whose approach to ornament? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did Louis Kahn mean by "discovering the 'form' of a problem?" |
|
Definition
| Cosmic essence of any problem |
|
|
Term
| Kahn's concept of "served and servant spaces" which developed out of his early use of hollow structures is thought by some historians to have been derived from what Beaux-Arts principle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "Each space must be defined by its structure and the character of its natural light" is a quote by ______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the consensus choice by American architects as the best design in the US and its architect in each category, as expressed in this course: (best building in America, best urban space, best site planning in a collection of buildings, employing portal, path, and place) |
|
Definition
Best building: Salk Institute - Kahn
Best urban space: Rockefeller Center - Hood
Best site planning: Cranbrook - Saarinen |
|
|
Term
| Name two influences that Le Corbusier’s late designs had on Brutalist architects. |
|
Definition
Free form/sculptural form
Repetitive part on exterior |
|
|
Term
| The Bauhaus teacher who became known for his post-WW2 Brutalist buildings was ________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The concrete folded plate was part of the design oeuvre of _______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two buildings by Marcel Breuer employed a folded plate? |
|
Definition
St. Johns Abbey
UNESCO Headquarters |
|
|
Term
| Paul Rudolph’s Brutalist buildings employed what exterior material? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What building was the inspiration for the Boston City Hall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who are considered to be the earliest British “New Brutalists?” |
|
Definition
| Alison and Peter Smithson |
|
|
Term
| What group was founded as a revolt against CIAM? Name two of its founders. |
|
Definition
| Team X, Alison and Peter Smithson |
|
|
Term
| What was the name of Colin Rowe’s first major treatise on architecture? |
|
Definition
| The Mathematics of the Ideal Villa |
|
|
Term
| Who was the British architectural theorist that can be credited with infusing the use of history back into architectural design? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe two differences between American Brutalism and British New Brutalism. |
|
Definition
American- non traditional sculpture forms, expression of structural, mechanical, programmatic volumes
British- more harsh, reaction to snobbishness of aristocracy |
|
|
Term
| What natural phenomenon can be compared to Sterling’s design of the Florey Student Housing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Aalto building could have been the formal precedent for Sterling’s Engineering Building at Leicester University? |
|
Definition
| Helsinki Institute of Technology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eisenman, Graves, Gwathmey, Hejduk, and Meier |
|
|
Term
| Who was the theoretician who assisted Arthur Dexler in identifying the New York Five? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was so unique about Colin Rowe’s architectural theory during the 1950s and 60s? |
|
Definition
| Reincorporated history, juxtaposed modern and traditional architecture |
|
|
Term
| List two ideas that Richard Meier has incorporated from Le Corbusier’s work. |
|
Definition
White box
Ramp in interior |
|
|
Term
| From what other architect besides Le Corbusier did Michael Graves find ideas for his earlier houses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________________ was the architect that Peter Eisenman did his thesis on and found much of his inspiration for his early designs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________________ designed the addition to the Guggenheim Museum in New York. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe how the form of the Fuji Group Pavilion at Expo 70 was generated. |
|
Definition
| Tubes of same length placed adjacent to each other on circular plan |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structural system of the US Pavilion at Expo 70. |
|
Definition
| Arches are cables lifted up and held by air pressure |
|
|
Term
| What was the major failure in the Montreal Olympic Stadium that prevented its completion prior to the start of the Games? |
|
Definition
| The foundation was insufficient |
|
|
Term
| Larson compared the exposed structure of the Pompidou Centre as the architects’ attempt to evoke what other great Parisian building? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first significant building in which mullionless glazing was first employed was _______________. |
|
Definition
| Willis, Faber, and Dumas Building |
|
|
Term
| The competition to design the new Pompidou Centre was won by ________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the school of art in Detroit designed by Eliel Saarinen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ was given responsibility for the design of all of the buildings at the Cranbrook school of design? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Crow Island School, which set the model for the design of the post WWII elementary school in the US was designed by ___________? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What grade school established the prototype for the post WWII baby boom and who designed it? |
|
Definition
| Crow Island School, Saarinen |
|
|
Term
| The formal pivot point of the composition in the Otaniemi Technical Institute is the ____________? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List three points of human contact in buildings that Aalto exploited with a change of materials. |
|
Definition
Columns
Doorknobs
Handrails |
|
|
Term
| The building usually credited as the inspiration for the design of the interview floor in Aalto's National Pension Institute is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The formal pivot point of the massing in the Saynatsalo Town Hall is the _______________? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The best example of Aalto's undulating wall in his American buildings is ________________? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The fan-shaped plan is a typical scheme in the planning of many buildings designed by _______________? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which building by Aalto was the first to use wood in any significant way, marking his move away from pure Functionalism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Discuss the reasons for the final configuration of the floor plan of the Vuoksenniska Church. |
|
Definition
| Come in on the side, forced to look at the altar; three small spaces for classes |
|
|
Term
| Describe the ideas behind the massing of the Baker House. |
|
Definition
| Campus side is orthoginal; other faces are fluid, mimicking the river |
|
|
Term
| What did Aalto do in the National Pensions Institute to articulate the massing of the building so that it reads as interpreting masses rather than a continuous volume? |
|
Definition
| Used facades that don't quite line up |
|
|
Term
| Which building designed by Alvar Aalto marked his attempt to transcend the International Style? What is the reason for your answer? |
|
Definition
| Baker house because he used red brick instead of white stucco and broke out of glass box |
|
|
Term
| What technology did Eero Saarinen adopt from the automobile industry in the detailing of the GM Tech Center? |
|
Definition
| Neoprene gasket glazing on windows |
|
|
