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Jerry Larson History of Arch
Modernism and Form: History of Architecture, Gerald Larson
238
Architecture
Undergraduate 1
02/08/2014

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Cards

Term
Why were the walls of Egyptian buildings typically battered?
Definition
In response to gravity, sloped at 45 degrees to support weight as walls got taller
Term
Why were the columns in an Egyptian temple so closely spaced?
Definition
Heavy stone roof couldn't span very large a distance without support
Term
Draw the plan/section of an Egyptian hypostyle hall:
Definition
[image]
Term
The only accurate understanding of Egyptian architecture held by Western Europeans until Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt was:
Definition
of obelisks
Term
Were Greek temples painted (polychromatic) or left natural?
Definition
painted
Term
Explain the theory that the Greek Doric order was derived from traditional wood construction:
Definition
Stone imitations of wooden structures, Vitruvius' "primitive hut" theory
Term
Draw a typical Doric entablature identifying the following: triglyph, metope, architrave
Definition
[image]
Term
Draw a floor plan of a typical Greek Stoa:
Definition
[image]
Term
The “perfect” Greek temple was the __________________ in (city) __________________.
Definition
Temple of Zeus, Olympia
Term
Define chyselephantine:
Definition
sculptural medium of gold and ivory, typically used in cult statues
Term
Who was the sculptor who made both cult statues in the Parthenon and the Temple of Zeus?
Definition
Phidias
Term
Define mastaba:
Definition
Egyptian tomb with battered size and flat top, made from mud brick or stone
Term
Define pylon:
Definition
Monumental gateway of Egyptian temple, two tapering towers
Term
Define battered:
Definition
Sloped 45 degrees, bigger at bottom, to support weight of structure
Term
Define hypostyle hall:
Definition
Large hall with axis through middle, supported by many columns. Center columns are higher to allow for clerestory windows.
Term
Define clerestory window:
Definition
Only windows/light source in hypostyle hall, possible because center columns are higher
Term
Define obelisk:
Definition
Tall, narrow, 4-sided monument
Term
Define polychromatic:
Definition
many-colored
Term
Define Doric (triglyph/metope), Ionic, Corinthian:
Definition
[image]
Term
Define Column: capital, shaft, fluting, base:
Definition
[image]
Term
Define Entablature: cornice, frieze, architrave:
Definition
[image]
Term
Define stoa:
Definition
Covered walkway/portico in Greece, housing public shops with offices behind
Term
Define agora:
Definition
City square in Greece, surrounded by stoas
Term
Define naos/cella, pronaos:
Definition
naos - central cult structure of the temple
cella - main room (contained cult statue)
pronaos - porch
Term
Define mannerism:
Definition
No qualification, going beyond perfect and beyond rules
Term
Which two of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World were not Greek?
Definition

Great Pyramids of Giza

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Term
List the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World:
Definition
Great Pyramids of Giza
Temple of Artemis
"Pharos" Lighthouse in Alexandria
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Statue of Zeus in Olympia
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
Colossus of Rhodes
Term
What Greek leader is associated with the term “Hellenistic”?
Definition
Alexander the Great
Term
The most important temple in Rome was:
Definition
Temple of Jupiter
Term
The ruins of Roman ________________ are visually the equivalent of today’s highway interchanges.
Definition
Aqueducts
Term
Describe the system the Romans used to heat their buildings.
Definition
Hypocaust heating system, fire heated water and air under elevated floor and into walls
Term
Draw the cross section of a typical Roman basilica:
Definition
[image]
Term
What was the “Pharos”?
Definition
Lighthouse built on the island of Pharos in Alexandria
Term
What event resulted in the destruction of the Library at Alexandria?
Definition
Julius Caesar set fire to his own ships, accidentally burned library
Term
What is the difference between Greek Doric and Rome Doric?
Definition
Greeks had the corner triglyphs align with the corner of the entablature, rather than above the corner column like the Romans did, with a smaller metope on the corner
Term
What is the difference between a Greek theater and a Roman theater?
Definition
Greeks picked locations with sloping hills and natural acoustics, Romans didn't care about nature and could put a theater anywhere
Also, Roman theaters were closed on all sided, while Greek theaters were left open based on the landscape
Term
List three differences between a Greek temple and a Roman temple:
Definition
1. Roman only enter from front, Greek enter from all sides
2. Greek foundation no more than 3 steps high, closer to nature, Roman could be much taller
3. Greeks could have multiple rows of a columns, while Romans usually had single rows
Term
Define forum
Definition
Open public square/marketplace in Rome
Term
Define podium
Definition
Elevated platform that temples sat on
Term
Define aqueduct
Definition
Bridge-like structure with slight slope to carry water over distance, supplied water for Rome
Term
Define Arch: voussoir, keystone, thrust, buttress
Definition
[image]
Term
Define hypocaust
Definition
Roman central heating system, fire heated water and air beneath an elevated floor and into walls for heat to be distributed (fairly) evenly
Term
Define basilica
Definition
Large public building for business or legal matters, Roman equivalent of Greek stoa
Term
Define circus
Definition
Large open-air venue used for public events. Main entertainment sites of the time
Term
Define velarium
Definition
Awning over the spectators in the circus
Term
Draw how the Romans built a wall with concrete:
Definition
Mold/support structure outside, stone inside, poured concrete to fill gaps
Term
What secret did Roman concrete have, that was not rediscovered until the 19th century?
Definition
Pozzolana/volcanic ash
Term
What is the function of the ballast rings or steps in the Pantheon?
Definition
Tension rings to keep the dome in compression
Term
Who was Augustus Caesar’s main builder?
Definition
Agrippa
Term
Name four different buildings the Romans used for public entertainment:
Definition
The Colosseuem
Circus Maximum
Pompey's Theater
Thermae of Titus
Term
What was Nero’s “Golden House”?
Definition
Domus Aurea, built after two-thirds of rome was destroyed by a fire, used the land to build this series of buildings
Term
What building did Vespasian build over the lake in Nero’s palace?
Definition
The Colosseum
Term
List the four orders of pilasters on the Flavian Amphitheater, starting with the ground level:
Definition
Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Composite
Term
What are the three main spaces in a Roman Bath?
Definition
Frigidarium, tepidarium, caldarium
Term
Why are there three parts in a Thermae window?
Definition
Didn't want to split the dome in half
Term
How did Vespasian pay for the construction for the Colosseum?
Definition
Sends son Titus to destroy sack and destroy Jerusalem
Term
Who was Trajan’s architect?
Definition
Apollodorus of Damascus
Term
How did Trajan pay for the construction of his Forum?
Definition
Went to war with Dacia
Term
The Column of Trajan recorded what event?
Definition
The conquest of Arabia
Term
The largest clear span constructed up to the advent of iron framing was the ________________.
Definition
Pantheon
Term
What emperor constructed the Pantheon?
Definition
Hadrian
Term
Define pozzolana cement
Definition
Cement made from volcanic ash from Pozzouli
Term
Define concrete
Definition
Hard construction material made of sand, gravel, pebbles, stone and mortar.
Term
Define opus recticulatum
Definition
Roman brickwork in a diamond pattern (squares at 45 degrees)
Term
Define dome: oculus, haunch, coffers
Definition
oculus - circular window at the top/center of the dome
haunch - part of dome that wants to expand, between compression and tension
coffers - sunken panels in ceiling, contribute to strength of dome
Term
Define Commodity, Firmness, and Delight
Definition
Vitruvius' three principles of design; useful, sturdy, and beautiful
Term
Define Tuscan, Composite Orders
Definition
Tuscan- unfluted version of Doric
Composite- combination of Ionic and Corinthian
Term
Define Triumphal Arch
Definition
Monumental structure in shape of arch, invented by Romans, document story of whatever triumph in some way
Term
Define Thermae (Baths): Frigidarium, Tepidarium, Caldarium
Definition
frigidarium- cold bath room
tepidarium- warm room without water
caldarium- sauna like room with hot bath
Term
Define Thermae window
Definition
Large arched windows segmented into three, characteristic of public baths in Rome
Term
Describe the structural difference between a Roman and a Byzantine dome:
Definition
Roman- Flatter dome on top of drum, load carried straight down
Byzantine- Taller, sloped dome, load dispersed by pendentives and squinches
Term
Byzantine architecture can be credited with the invention of what two new structural techniques?
Definition
Pendentives and flying buttress
Term
Describe the difference between a Roman space and a Byzantine space:
Definition
Byzantine- planned to be more spatially dynamic and complex
Roman- everything was simple and clearly articulated, repeated use of a structural model
Term
What is the role of a pendentive?
Definition
Transition between a circular dome sitting on a square body, disperse weight of dome
Term
Why did Byzantine churches employ gold leaf mosaics in their interiors?
Definition
To portray the realm of heaven, create "heaven on earth"
Term
Describe the difference between a Byzantine church's exterior and its interior. What was the reason for this difference?
Definition
Exterior - kept minimal and plain
Interior - elaborate and rich, gold detailing
"earthly" exterior and "heavenly" interior, emphasizes difference between living in each
Term
Constantine built his new capital at __________________.
Definition
Constantinople
Term
Compare the Basilica Ulpia to the design of old St. Peter’s Church:
Definition
Come in on the short side instead of the long side in St. Peter's, plan is rotated 90 degrees
Term
The primary difference between the design of the exterior of a Roman temple and that of a Byzantine church was:
Definition
They did not use Roman exterior veneer of marble, in order to heighten the contrast between the building's "earthly" exterior and "heavenly" interior
Term
The primary difference between the design of the interior of a Roman bath and that of a Byzantine church was:
Definition
The roman bath did not have a central axis like the church; baths had pilasters, churches didn't
Term
Which space has the larger dimension: the Pantheon or Hagia Sophia?
Definition
Hagia Sophia
Term
Why were Moslem architects able to build high profile domes while Byzantine builders were not?
Definition
They used wood
Term
Early Moslem architecture can be credited with what three architectural innovations?
Definition
High Profile Dome
Pointed Arch
Squinch
Term
What is a squinch?
Definition
A series of arches built upon one another to span the space between a circular dome and a square bay
Term
To span the space between a circular dome and a square bay, Moslem architects typically used a series of arches built upon one another. This device is known as a _____________________.
Definition
squinch
Term
Carolingian architecture refers to the buildings constructed during the reign of:
Definition
Charlemagne
Term
Ottonian architecture was primarily constructed in this country:
Definition
Germany
Term
What was a “westwerk”?
Definition
Monumental, west-facing entrance of church, two stairtowers flank entrance
Term
Charlemagne’s palace was located in what city?
Definition
Aachen
Term
The entrance of most Ottonian churches was located on which (N/S/E/W) façade?
Definition
West
Term
A double apse (E and W) was a signature motif of (style)_____________ churches.
Definition
Roman
Term
Who were the Normans?
Definition
Vikings that settled in NW France and later began crusading during which they were exposed to Byzantine Architecture.
Term
What two architectural innovations did the Normans bring back from their adventures in the Mediterranean?
Definition
Pointed Arch
Flying Buttress
Term
What is the difference between a Roman groin vault and a Gothic groin vault?
Definition
Roman groin vaults had round arches, Gothic had pointed
Term
From a construction standpoint, what problem did the pointed arch solve in the design of a gothic vault?
Definition
Solved the problem of differential thrusts and crown heights
Term
The largest church built in Europe prior to 1500 was:
Definition
Cluny III
Term
Name the four levels of the nave elevation in Cluny III, starting from the ground:
Definition
Side isle, gallery, clerestory, vault
Term
What is the shape of the resulting groin arch in a groin vault generated by the intersection of two semicircular barrel vaults?
Definition
Diamond/square (in plan)
Term
How is a Lombard vault generated?
Definition
Wanted to increase height of vault, groin changed to circular profile
Term
Why were flying buttresses used in Gothic cathedrals?
Definition
They allowed for windows since the structure was now being supported by the buttresses, rather than something that would block windows
Term
Who is credited with the start of Gothic architecture?
Definition
Suger
Term
What was the first Gothic church?
Definition
St. Denis
Term
In the west front of St. Denis, name two features that were derived from St. Etienne in Caen, and one feature inspired by Cluny III:
Definition
Triparte of the westwerk and the tall towers; takes entry portal from Cluny III.
Term
What two Gothic churches in Paris did King Louis VII sponsor?
Definition
St. Denis and Notre Dame
Term
Define barrel vault
Definition
Formed by the extrusion of a single curve, simplest vault, arches placed side by side
Term
Define nave elevation: side aisle, triforium gallery, clerestory, vault
Definition
side aisle- passageway on the side of the nave
triforium gallery- shallow arched gallery within the thickness of the inner wall
clerestory- walls that rise above the roofline and pierced with windows
vault- arched ceiling
Term
Define apse with radiating chapels
Definition
Apse is the semicircular recess housing altar, chapels can radiate tangentially from it
Term
Define transcept
Definition
A transverse section which lies across the main body of the building, perpendicular to nave
Term
Define crossing tower/lantern
Definition
crossing tower- tower above intersection of nave and the transept of the church
lantern- openwork construction placed on top of a building to admit light and allow smoke to escape
Term
Define ribbed vault
Definition
Intersection of two or three barrel vaults, edged in decorative masonry
Term
Define groin vault
Definition
Intersection at right angle of two barrel vaults
Term
Define Lombard vault
Definition
Groin vault constructed with semicircular diagonals
Term
Define sexpartite vault
Definition
Rib vault divided into six bays by two diagonal ribs and three transverse ribs
Term
Define quadripartite vault
Definition
Rib vault divided into four bays by two diagonal and two transverse ribs
Term
Define chevet
Definition
Eastern end of church; structure consisting of apse, choir, and radiating chapels
Term
Define pointed arch
Definition
Arch with pointed apex, produces less thrust
Term
Define flying buttress
Definition
Redirected lateral forces to ground; not in contact with wall like traditional buttress
Term
Define tripartite elevation: side aisle, triforium gallery, clerestory/vault
Definition
Reduced the zone that lies between the gallery, clerestory, and vault
Term
To what city and country was the papacy moved to from Rome during what was know as the “Babylonian captivity”?
Definition
Avignon, France
Term
Who is credited as being the “Father of the Renaissance?”
Definition
Petrarch
Term
Who coined the term “Gothic” as a pejorative description of everything made in the land north of the Alps?
Definition
Petrarch
Term
Who were the Ghibellines and the Guelfs?
Definition
Ghibellines- supported the holy roman emperor
Guelfs-supported the Pope
Term
Explain how Florence benefitted from the “Babylonian captivity”
Definition
Rome abandoned, so Florence became center of culture
Term
Explain how the final appearance of the Florence Cathedral is a manifestation of the battle between the Ghibellines and the Guelfs in Florence:
Definition
Cathedral started under Ghibelline control and uses pointed arches, later work done under Guelf control uses Italian round arch
Term
What was the significant difference in the final plan of the Florence Cathedral from the typical plan of a Gothic church?
Definition
The altar was under the large dome, whereas the altar is usually on the end of the nave in a gothic church
Term
Who won the competition for the design of the doors for the Florence Baptistry?
Definition
Ghilberti
Term
Who won the competition for the design of the dome for the Florence cathedral?
Definition
Brunelleschi
Term
Describe the structural difference between a Roman and a Renaissance dome:
Definition
Roman needs tension bands, renaissance had a double layered dome to hide the inner support system
Term
What was the Roman solution to the thrust of a dome’s haunches?
Definition
Tension bands
Term
Compare the scale of the Florence dome to the Pantheon, Hagia Sophia, and Beauvais Cathedral:
Definition
Twice as tall as pantheon, taller than beauvais cathedral without adding the dome, about same heigh as hagia sophia without adding the dome
Term
List three advantages gained in the Florence Cathedral by giving the dome a quinto acuto profile:
Definition
1. Less thrust
2. Less scaffolding
3. Taller vertical form
Term
Who developed the first treatise on perspective?
Definition
Brunelleschi
Term
The only Classical treatise on architecture recovered during the Renaissance was written by:
Definition
Vitruvius
Term
If you remember nothing else from Vitruvius, you must know these three words that are etched in architectural history:
Definition
Commodity, Firmness, Delight
Term
Who is generally regarded as the first Architectural theorist? What is the name of his publication?
Definition
Alberti, "On the Art of Building"
Term
Whose design was first accepted for the new St. Peter’s?
Definition
Bramante
Term
What significant difference in his design of St. Peter’s did Bramante propose?
Definition
Dome supported by four large piers rather than continuous wall
Term
How did Pope Leo X propose to pay for the construction of the new St. Peter’s?
Definition
Sell indulences
Term
What event marked the end of the Italian Architectural Renaissance?
Definition
Sacking of Rome
Term
What is considered to be the start of the Counter-Reformation?
Definition
Council of Trent
Term
What three requirements did the Council of Trent establish for Counter-Reformation art?
Definition
Clarity and simplicity, realistic portrayal, emotion
Term
The first scientist to investigate the structural properties of materials was:
Definition
Galileo
Term
Is Baroque Architecture Classical?
Definition
No, it is in ornament but not in concept.
Term
The founder of English empiricism was:
Definition
Bacon
Term
Define Tabula Rasa:
Definition
means "blank slate" in Latin, reaction to excessive decoration of Rococco, Laufier's primitive hut
Term
The founder of French Rationalism was:
Definition
Descartes
Term
What is a Cartesian grid?
Definition
Grid where the units are squares (or cubes)
Term
The architect responsible for bringing Renaissance architecture to England was:
Definition
Inigo Jones
Term
The architect of St. Paul’s Cathedral was:
Definition
Wren
Term
Describe Wren’s unique structural solution for the dome of St. Paul’s:
Definition
Peristyle buttresses both the inner dome and the brick cone which rises internally to support the lantern.
Term
“I think, therefore, I am” is a quote from:
Definition
Descartes
Term
The best example of Louis XIV architectural style prior to Versailles was:
Definition
East front of the Louvre
Term
Was the architecture of Louis XIV Baroque?
Definition
No, it was neoclassical
Term
Under what monarch was engineering first separated from architecture?
Definition
Louis XIV
Term
What two kinds of beauty did Perrault make a case for in the Ordonnance of 1683? Give an example of each:
Definition
Positive- objective, example: geometry and proportions
Arbitraty- subjective, example: current fashion or trends
Term
___________________ was the first architectural theorist to discover and write that there was not a fixed
set of proportions in the Classical orders.
Definition
Perrault
Term
The first school founded for the formal education of civil engineers was located in:
Definition
France
Term
What is the difference between Italian Baroque and French Baroque architecture?
Definition
French version of Baroque was much less dynamic and ornamented than its Italian sister, French wanted something more timeless
Term
Why did Lodoli condemn Greek architecture?
Definition
It copied the honest wood detailing of the doric column into an illogical stone translation
Term
The first Italian architect in the 1700s to express an interest in Gothic architecture was:
Definition
Lodoli
Term
The first Italian architect to express the ideas of structural rationalism was _______________.
His most famous student was _______________.
Definition
Lodoli, Piranesi
Term
What two relatively new architectural ideas did Piranesi express in the Carceri etchings?
Definition
Lack of classical ornament and infinity of space
Term
____________________ was one of the early French architects to have an interest in Gothic architecture.
Definition
Soufflot
Term
List the three faults Laugier saw in French architecture of his time:
Definition
1. Pilasters
2. Engaged columns
3. Columns on bases
Term
The mid-eighteenth century architectural theoretician who related the evolution of classical architecture back to the idea of a "Primitive Hut" was:
Definition
Laugier
Term
The "primitive hut" was invoked by ____________________ as the ultimate model for architects to emulate.
Definition
Laugier
Term
The first building to have the new scientific approach to structure applied to it was:
Definition
St. Genevieve
Term
The first building to employ Euler’s new theory of column buckling was:
Definition
St. Genevieve
Term
The founder of the English Garden movement is usually considered to be:
Definition
Kent
Term
List two aspects of the English picturesque garden that were early breaks with Classicism:
Definition
asymmetry and glass & iron architecture (greenhousees)
Term
Name two of England's early picturesque Landscape Architects and a technique/detail for which they were famous:
Definition
Bridgeman- kept original symmetry of garden but added own asymmetry through winding paths
Kent- set up narrative/sequence of follies, choreographed your movement
Term
What is a ha-ha?
Definition
negative fence, trench, no walls, allows for clear view of horizon
Term
What was the nickname of Landscape architect Lancelot Brown? Why did he have this name?
Definition
"Capability," would tell every client their estate had great capabilities, flattery so he'd get the job
Term
What was the nationalist reason for Great Britain to assume Gothic over Neoclassical Architecture in the first half of the 19th Century?
Definition
originated in Northern Europe unlike classical, thought to be "real" English architecture before the invasion
Term
Two ideas that became associated with the first period of the Gothic Revival in England were:
Definition
melancholy and medievalism
Term
The ___________________ was the principle building type that launched the first or picturesque phase of the Gothic Revival. List two good examples of this phase of Gothic Revival:
Definition
Manor/Estate house, Strawberry Hill and Fonthill Abbey
Term
List the two most important Gothic Revival buildings constructed prior to 1812:
Definition
Strawberry Hill and Fonthill Abbey
Term
Who was responsible for the initial development of cast iron in England?
Definition
Darby
Term
The first large clear span structure to use cast iron as the primary structural material was?
Definition
Coalbrookdale bridge
Term
What business forced the introduction of cast iron structures in building construction?
Definition
Insurance Companies
Term
What was the effect on architecture of the British victory in the Battle of Trafalgar?
Definition
Able to further develop iron and glass
Term
Sketch the typical cast iron structure of an early Industrial Revolution multistory factory in England as it would have been constructed in 1800, showing columns, beams, and floors:
Definition
[image]
Term
Rickman and Cragg were known for their prefabricated cast iron ________________.
Definition
Gothic revival churches
Term
The Royal Pavilion at Brighton was designed by:
Definition
Nash
Term
An early example of glass’ ability to “break the box” of the traditional rectangular room was articulated by:
Definition
Repton
Term
"Remarks on Hot Houses," was written by:
Definition
Loudon
Term
In 1817, the potential for iron to evolve a new architectural style devoid of Greek or Gothic ornament was first articulated by:
Definition
Loudon
Term
The Great Conservatory at Chatsworth was designed by:
Definition
Paxton
Term
The greenhouse in the Royal Gardens at Kew was designed by:
Definition
Turner
Term
List two advantages that a Parisian arcade had over a street front shop:
Definition
Covering overhead, controlled environment
Term
What is a “Flâneur”?
Definition
Someone who goes strolling
Term
The second Jardin d' Hiver was designed by:
Definition
Horeau
Term
The final design of Les Halles was produced by:
Definition
Baltard
Term
Give two aspects of the early Industrial Revolution in Great Britain that brought out the reform movement in design:
Definition
Loss in craft/technique/quality
Cheap replication of ornament=loss of association with power
Term
Who was the first British architect to use the new theory of the zeitgeist in challenging his peers to improve British architecture in 1835?
Definition
Jones
Term
The German term for the "spirit of the times" is:
Definition
Zeitgeist
Term
Who was the first British architect to call for a new style of architecture appropriate to the 19th Century?
Definition
Jones
Term
Owen Jones’ first book, which documented the Islamic tradition of ornament, was a study of the ______________.
Definition
Alhambra in Grenada, Spain
Term
___________________ was the first to propose to Prince Albert the idea for the Crystal Palace.
Definition
Cole
Term
___________________ was the designer in control of the color scheme of the Crystal Palace.
Definition
Jones
Term
How the glass roof in the Crystal Palace protected from the heat of the sun?
Definition
Outer canvas covering
Term
How was the South Kensington School of Design originally funded?
Definition
With profits made from the international exhibition of 1851 in the crystal palace
Term
The Grammar of Ornament was authored by:
Definition
Jones
Term
Define what Owen Jones meant by “repose.”
Definition
Want of nothing, design is complete
Term
Owen Jones had an important influence in the architecture of the late nineteenth century by promoting what two sources for the development of new ornamental systems?
Definition
Zeitgeist and regionalism
Term
The author of "Contrasts" was:
Definition
Pugin
Term
What was the one major difference between the ideas of Jones and those of Pugin?
Definition
Pugin- material, structural honesty, gothic revival
Jones- wanted new style
Term
Who were the two architects responsible for the reconstruction of the Houses of Parliament in 1836?
Definition
Barry and Pugin
Term
Why did the guidelines for the Houses of Parliament competition strictly state the style to be used was either Gothic or Elizabethan?
Definition
French were using classical, British wanted to use opposite style
Term
The L-shaped floor plan favored by Arts and Crafts designers was first championed by the theorist ______________ , as a critique of the symmetrical plans by __________________.
Definition
Pugin, Palladio
Term
___________________ , along with Thomas Carlyle, did more than anyone else to shape the culture of Victorian Britain.
Definition
Ruskin
Term
The two books written by John Ruskin that pertain to architectural theory are:
Definition
The Seven Lamps of Architecture
The Stones of Venice
Term
The "Red House," symbol of the beginning of the Arts and Crafts movement in England was designed by which architect?
Definition
Webb
Term
The movement in painting which influenced William Morris that was the parallel of the Gothic Revival in architecture was:
Definition
Pre-Raphaelism
Term
What was the configuration of the floor plan in a typical Arts and Crafts house?
Why was this configuration used?
Definition
L-shaped, rejection of Palladio's symmetry and it was easy to add onto in the future
Term
The first American structure to be erected with an iron frame that also supported its masonry envelope was:
Definition
McCollough Shot Tower
Term
The cast iron-fronted building in America is generally regarded as the invention of:
Definition
Bogardus
Term
Describe Bogardus' proposed design for the 1853 New York World's Fair:
Definition
350 foot tower version of crystal palace, cast iron front surrounding sheet metal ceiling
Term
Describe the construction system Bogardus used in the McCollough Shot Tower:
Definition
Iron frame from lighthouses, 12 inch brick walls
Term
Bogardusʼ s primary competitor in the New York City market was:
Definition
Badger
Term
The inventor of the American iron skeleton frame was:
Definition
Bogardus
Term
The first city in the U. S. where cast iron was used to any great degree was:
Definition
New York City
Term
Briefly discuss the major difference between the theories of Pugin, Ruskin, and Violet-le-duc, as they apply to their view of Gothic architecture:
Definition
Pugin: gothic from spiritual standpoint, societal improvement
Ruskin: moral interest, handmade ornament, human passion
Violet-le-duc: overall cohesion, structural rationalism
Term
What was the effect on architecture of the Franco-Prussian War?
Definition
Because of the war France didn't build the first skyscraper, instead America did
Term
The name given the style of architecture constructed during the reign of Napoleon III is:
Definition
2nd empire (beaux arts)
Term
Napoleon III appointed ____________________ as Prefect of the Seine, who was responsible for the urban renovation of Paris in the mid-19th century.
Definition
Haussmann
Term
List three laws that controlled the design of buildings in Haussmann's Paris:
Definition
1. Consistent cornice and floor height
2. Required use of quarry stone
3. 45 degree sloped roof
Term
[image]
Definition
Les Grand Halles, Baltard
Term
[image]
Definition
Les Grand Halles, Baltard
Term
[image]
Definition
Bibliothèque Ste. Geneviève, Labrouste
Term
[image]
Definition
Bibliothèque Ste. Geneviève, Labrouste
Term
[image]
Definition
Red House, Webb and Morris
Term
[image]
Definition
Red House Ground Floor Plan, Webb and Morris
Term
[image]
Definition
Red House Salon, Webb and Morris
Term
[image]
Definition
Leys Wood, Shaw
Term
[image]
Definition
"Rurisville" (schematic garden city), Howard
Term
[image]
Definition
Cragside, Shaw
Term
Order of Eras
Definition

Egypt

Greek

Hellenistic

Roman republic

Roman empire

Early christian

Byzantine

Carolingian

Romanesque

Gothic

Reniassance

Baroque

Roccoco

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