Term
| Why were the walls of Egyptian buildings typically battered? |
|
Definition
| As a response to gravity; disperses a load at 45 degrees; need more and more materials to support the walls as they go up. |
|
|
Term
| Why were the columns in an Egyptian temple so closely spaced? |
|
Definition
| Because they had to hold up the heavy stone roof. |
|
|
Term
| Draw the plan/section of an Egyptian hypostyle hall. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The only accurate understanding of Egyptian architecture held by Western Europeans until Napoleon's invasion of Egypt was... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Were Greek temples painted (polychromatic) or left natural? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the theory that the Greek Doric order was derived from traditional wood construction. |
|
Definition
Theory was borrowed from earlier Greek architecture but copied in stone because it was said they traded with the Egyptians.
**Theory of Vitruvius**
|
|
|
Term
| Draw a typical Doric entablature indentifying: triglyph, metope, architrave. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Draw a floor plan of a typical Greek Stoa. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The "perfect" Greek temple was the _______ in (city) _________. |
|
Definition
temple of zeus, in olympia
had 6 columns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sculptural medium of gold and ivory
typically used in cult statues |
|
|
Term
| Which two of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World were not Greek? |
|
Definition
The Great Pyramids at Giza
Hanging Gardens of Babylon |
|
|
Term
| List the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. |
|
Definition
Great Pyramids of Giza
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Statue of Zeus, Temple of Zeus
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
Temple of Artemis
Colossus of Rhodes
"Pharos" Lighthouse |
|
|
Term
| What Greek leader is associated with the term "Hellenistic"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who was the sculptor who made both cult statues in the Parthenon and the Temple of Zeus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lighthouse built on the island of Pharos in Alexandria |
|
|
Term
| What event resulted in the destruction of the Library at Alexandria? |
|
Definition
| Juluius Caesar setting his own fleet on fire making a statement that he was there to stay |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Burial chambers made of sun dried brick in the Old Kingdom of Egypt. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gateway into an egyptian temple. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The top is at a point and it keeps getting bigger towards the bottom to support weight. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large hall supported by many columns. Axis through the middle. Center columns are lifted up to give it light. |
|
|
Term
| Define clerestory window. |
|
Definition
| Upper windows made in a hypostyle hall where the pylons lift up the roof. They are the only source of light in the space. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tall, 4 sided, narrow tapering monument which ends in a pyramid-like shape at the top. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define Doric (triglyph/metope), Ionic, Corinthian. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define column: capital, shaft, fluting, base. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define entablature: cornice, frieze, architrave. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Covered walkways or porticos, commonly for public usage
like strip malls
Greece |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| city square, many stoas surround it. Greece |
|
|
Term
| Define naos/cella, pronaos. |
|
Definition
naos - central cult structure of the temple
cella - main room (contained cult statue)
pronaos - porch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
It has no qualification, does not have to be perfect can go beyond the rules.
Ex: a temple does not have to have 6 columns it can have 8 or even more |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between Greek Doric and Rome Doric? |
|
Definition
| The Romans move the Metope in the middle and the Trigiyph hangs over the edge more. The Romans add a base and a petistole to the bottom of the column. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a Greek theater and a Roman theater? |
|
Definition
Greeks were one with nature and picked locations with naturally sloping hills
Romans put it wherever they wanted and did not care about nature |
|
|
Term
| List three difference between a Greek temple and a Roman temple. |
|
Definition
Greek Temple - 3 steps, 360 degree relationship - can enter anywhere
Roman Temple - more of a podium, could only enter from the front, detached from nature |
|
|
Term
| The most importat temple in Rome was... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ruins of Roman ______ are visually the equivalent of today's highway interchanges. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the system the romans used to heat their buildings. |
|
Definition
| Hypocaust heating system. Raised floor with a fire heating water and floor and going up a cavity in the walls, which is run by slaves |
|
|
Term
| Draw the cross section of the typical Roman basilica. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Draw how the Romans built a wall with concrete. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What secret did Roman concrete have that was not reiscovered until the 19th century? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the ballst rings or steps in the Pantheon? |
|
Definition
| It keeps the dome in compression, they are tension rings |
|
|
Term
| Who was Augustus Caesar's main builder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name four different buildings the Romans used for public entertainment. |
|
Definition
The Colloseuem
Circus Maximum
Pompey's Theater
Thermae of Titus |
|
|
Term
| What was Nero's "Golden House"? |
|
Definition
| Domus Aurea, which he built after 2/3rds of rome was destroyed by a fire and nero used the land to build this series of buildings |
|
|
Term
| What building did Vespasian build over the lake in Nero's palace? |
|
Definition
| The Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater) |
|
|
Term
| List the four orders of pilasters on the Flavian Amphitheater, starting with the ground level. |
|
Definition
| doric,ionic, corinthian, composite |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main spaces in a Roman Bath? |
|
Definition
caldarium
Tepidarium
Frigidarium |
|
|
Term
| Why are there three parts in a Thermae window? |
|
Definition
| because you did not want to split up the dome in half it would ruin the overall design of it |
|
|
Term
| How did Vespasian pay for the construction for the Colosseum? |
|
Definition
| Sends his son Titus in to destroy jerusalem an take all their money |
|
|
Term
| Who was Trajan's architect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How did Trajan pay for the construction of his Forum? |
|
Definition
| He went to war with Dacia |
|
|
Term
| The Column of Trajan recorded what event? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The largest clear span constructed up to the advent of iron framing was the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why did the main aisle of the Basilica of Constantine have three bays? |
|
Definition
| because if you have two and come in in the center than you run into a column. middle bay is the entry bay |
|
|
Term
| What emperor constructed the Pantheon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elevated platform the temples sat on |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bridgelike structure supporting a conduit or canal passing over a river or low ground. They carry water from the mountains. |
|
|
Term
| Define arch: voussoir, keystone, thrust, buttress. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| central heating system with underground gurnace and tile flues to distribute the heat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Buildings with market stalls, like a strip mall in Rome
Like the stoa in Greece |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large open-air venue used for public events. Main enterainment sites of the time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| awning over the spectators in the circus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cement made from pozzolanic ash |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hard construction material made of sand, gravel, pebbles, stone and mortar. |
|
|
Term
| Define opus recticulatum. |
|
Definition
| building with stones in a diamond pattern |
|
|
Term
| Define dome: oculus, haunch, coffers. |
|
Definition
oculus - cicular window or rain hole at the top of the dome
haunch - either side of the arch expanding from the vertex to the impost
coffers - sunken panels in the shape of squares, rectangles or octagong in the ceiling, strenght of the structure is in the framework of these. |
|
|
Term
| Define tuscan, composite orders. |
|
Definition
tuscan - very plain design, with plain shaft and simple capital, base and frieze. simplifited adaptation of the doric order
composite - mix of ionic and corinthian |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define Thermae (baths): frigidarium, tepidarium, caldarium. |
|
Definition
frigidarium - cold water room
tepidarium - warm room without water
caldarium - sauna like room |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a window split into thirds that is filling up the area in the vault |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
formed by the extrusion of a single curve. simplest vault. arches placed side by side
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intersection at right angles of two barrel vaults
[image] |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structureal difference between a Roman and a Byzantine dome. |
|
Definition
Roman - Domes are placed on a drum and load is carried straight down
Byzantine - on top of another structure to be carried over to a vertical; structure not in line with the base of upper dome |
|
|
Term
| Byzantine architecture can be credited with the invention of what two new structural techniques? |
|
Definition
pendentive
flying buttress |
|
|
Term
| Describe the difference between a Roman space and a Byzantine space. |
|
Definition
Byzantine - planned to be more spatially dynamic and complex
Roman - everything was simple and clearly articulated, repeated use of a structural model |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of a pendentive? |
|
Definition
| Transition between a circular dome sitting on a square body |
|
|
Term
| Why did Byzantine chruches employ gold leaf mosaics in their interiors? |
|
Definition
| to dematerialize the space as an attempt to recreate "heaven on earth" |
|
|
Term
| Describe the difference between a Byzantine church's exterior and its interior. What is the reason for this difference? |
|
Definition
Exterior - kept minimal and plain in order to heighten contrast between buildings
Interior - elaborate and rich
"earthly" exterior and "heavenly" interior |
|
|
Term
| Constantine built his new capital at _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compare the Basilica Ulpia to the design of Old St. Peter's Church. |
|
Definition
| you come in on the short side instead of the long side in the st. peter's church. plan is rotated 90 degrees. ulpia had a gallery church did not. |
|
|
Term
| The primary difference between the design of the exterior of a Roman temple and that of a Byzantine church was..... |
|
Definition
| They did not use Roman exterior veneer of marble in order to heighten the contrast between the building's "earthly" exterior and "heavenly" interior |
|
|
Term
| The primary difference between the design of the interior of a Roman bath and that of a Byzantine church was.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which space has the larger dimension: the Pantheon or Hagia Sophia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why were Molem architects able to build high profile domes while Byzantine builders were not? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Early Moslem architecture can be credited with what three architectural innovations? |
|
Definition
High Profile Dome
Pointed Arch
Squinch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A series of arches built upon one another to span the space between a circular dome and a square bay |
|
|
Term
| To span the space between a circular dome and a square bay, Moslem architects typicall used a series of arches built upon one another. This device is known as a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carolingian architecture refers to the buildings constructed during the reign of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ottonian architecture was primarily constructed in what country? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flanking stairtowers with a second story gallery |
|
|
Term
| Charlemagne's palace was located in what city? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The entrance of most ottonian churches was located on which (N/S/E/W) facade? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A double apse (E and W) was a signature of (style) _______ churches. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vikings that settled in NW France and later began crusading during which they were exposed to Byzantine Architecture. Gave name to Normandy |
|
|
Term
| What two architectural innovations did the Normans bring back from their adventures in the Mediterranean? |
|
Definition
Pointed Arch
Flying Buttress |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a Roman groin vault and a Gothic groin vault? |
|
Definition
| its geometry; Roman vault developed as the intersection of two barrel vaults, gothic vault developed in a completely different manner. |
|
|
Term
| From a construction standpoint, what problem did the pointed arch solve in the design of a gothic vault? |
|
Definition
| only geometric way to solve the structural problem of differential thrusts and crown heights in a rectangular quatrotype vault |
|
|
Term
| The largest church built in Europe prior to 1500 was ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the four levels of the nave elevation in Cluny III, starting from the ground. |
|
Definition
| side isle, gallery, clerestory, vault |
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of the resulting groin vault generated by the intersection of two semicircular barrel vaults? |
|
Definition
| diagonal or squar (in plan) groin |
|
|
Term
| How is Lombard vault generated? |
|
Definition
| they wanted to increase the height of the vault; groin changed to a circular profile (taller crown) |
|
|
Term
| What problem did stilting solve in a groin vault? What new problem did it create? |
|
Definition
| it solved the problem of the vault creating a domelike space that broke up the linear flow. The springpoints of the arches were not in the same elevation - each arch had to have a separate buttress. |
|
|
Term
| Why were flying buttresses used in Gothic cathedrals? |
|
Definition
| its makes it possible to bump the middle bay up past the roof of the middle side isle to create more light. they need a strut to "fly" over the side aisle roof to carry the thrust from the vault to the vertical buttress |
|
|
Term
| Who is credited with the start of Gothic architecture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the first Gothic church? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the west front of St. Denis, name two features that were derived from St. Etienne in Caen, one featured inspired by Cluny III. |
|
Definition
| triparte of the westwork and the tall towers; takes entry portal from Cluny III. |
|
|
Term
| What two Gothic churches in Paris did King Louis VII sponsor? |
|
Definition
| St. Denis and Notre Dame Cathedral |
|
|
Term
| Define nave elevation: side aisle, triforium gallery, clerestory, vault. |
|
Definition
side aisle - passageway on the side of the nave
triforium gallery -shallow arched gallery within the thickness of the inner wall
clerestory - walls that rise above the roofline and pierced with windows
vault - arched ceiling |
|
|
Term
| Define apse with radiating chapels. |
|
Definition
| apse chapel - a chapel radiating tangentially from one of the bays or divisions of the apse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a transverse sectionwhich lies across the main body of the building. in churhes set crosswise to the nave. |
|
|
Term
| Define crossing tower/lantern. |
|
Definition
crossing tower - tower which occurs above the space at the intersection of the nave, chancel, and the transept of the church
lantern - openwork construction placed on top of a building to admit light and allow smoke to escape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the intersection of two or three barrel vaults when they are edged with an armature of piped masonry ofter carve in decorative patterns. |
|
|
Term
| Define stilting groin vault. |
|
Definition
| groin vault having some vertical lenght between the impost and the beginning of the curve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| constructed with semicircular diagonals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a ribbed vault whose lateral triangles are disected by an intermediate transverse rib producing six triangles within a bay |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arch with a pointed apex. it could suppot greater weight, allowing walls to be thinner with wider window openings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Purpose was to resist the lateral forces pushing a wall outwards. It is not in contact with the wall all the way to the ground. |
|
|
Term
| Define tripartite elevation: side aisle, triforium gallery, clerestory/vault. |
|
Definition
| reduced the zone that lies between the gallery clerestory and vault. nave was twice as wide as the side aisles. |
|
|
Term
| To what city and country was the papacy moved to from Rome during what was know as the "Babylonian captivity"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is credited as being the "Father of the Renaissance?" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who coined the term "Gothic" as a pejorative description of everything made in the land north of the Alps? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who were the Ghibellines and the Guelfs? |
|
Definition
Ghibellines - those who supported the Holy Roman Emperior
Guelfs - those who supported the Pope |
|
|
Term
| Explain how Florence benefitted from the "Babylonian captivity." |
|
Definition
| because its the furthest south and they gained more power because the Pope isnt there anymore |
|
|
Term
| Explain how the final appearance of the Florence Cathedral is a manifestation of the battle between the Ghibellines and the Guelfs in Florence. |
|
Definition
Cathedral started under Ghibeline control and uses pointed arches. later work done under Guelf control uses Italian round arch |
|
|
Term
| What was the significant difference in the final plan of the Florence Cathedral from the typical plan of a Gothic church? |
|
Definition
| The altar was under the large dome whereas the altar is usually on either end of the nave |
|
|
Term
| Who won the competition for the design of the doors for the Florence Baptistry? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who won the competition for the design of the dome for the Florence cathedral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the structural difference between a Roman and a Renaissance dome. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the Roman solution to the thrust of a dome's haunches? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compare the scale of the Florence dome to the Pantheon, Hagia Sophia, and Beauvais Cathedral. |
|
Definition
Florence: larger than Paris Dome, taller and wider than Beauvais before dome was added
Beauvais: tallest structure existing before Florence |
|
|
Term
| List three advantages gained in the Florence Cathedral by giving the dome a quintoacuto profile. |
|
Definition
1. Less thust - less material needed to counteract it
2. Less scaffolding - easier to construct
3. More vertical form and better exterior images as compared to semicircular dome |
|
|
Term
| Who developed the first treatise on perspective? |
|
Definition
| Brunelleschi - "Rules of Perspective" |
|
|
Term
| The only Classical treatise on architecture recovered during the Renaissance was written by______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What architectural theorist published the first edition of Vitruvius? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you remember nothing else from Vitruvius, you must know these three wordsthat are etched in architectural history... |
|
Definition
| commodity, firmness, and delight |
|
|
Term
| Whose design was first accepted for the new St. Peter's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What significant difference in his design of St. Peter's did Bramante propose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How did Pope Leo X propose to pay for the construction of the new St. Peter's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What event marked the end of the Italian Architectural Renaissance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is considered to be the start of the Counter-Reformation? |
|
Definition
| The Catholic Council of Trent and its rules for Counter Reformation Art |
|
|
Term
| What three requirements did the Council of Trent establish for Counter-Reformation art? |
|
Definition
Clarity
Realistic Interpretation
An emotional stimulus to piety |
|
|
Term
| The first scientist to investigate the structural properes of materials was... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Baroque Architecture classical? |
|
Definition
| no, it breaks the static mold |
|
|
Term
| The founder of English empiricism was.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The founder of the French Rationalism was... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a Cartesian grid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The architect responsible for bringing Renaissance architecture to England was... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The architect of St. Paul's Cathedral was... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe Wren's unique structural solution for the dome of St. Pauls. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "I think, therefore I am" is a quote from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The best example of Louis XIV archiectural style prior to Versailles was... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Was the architecture of Louis XIV Baroque? |
|
Definition
| No, but Baroque was in style at the time. It was italian an since Louis was French it was decided that since France was better it should have its own style so neoclassical Louis XIV style was created |
|
|
Term
| Under what monarch was engineering first separated from architecture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two kinds of beauty did Perrault make a case for in the Ordonnance of 1683? Give an example of each. |
|
Definition
Positive Beauty - objective; involves geometry, proportions, and good craftsmanship
Arbitraty - subjective and relates to current fashion or trends, which changes over time |
|
|
Term
| ________ was the first architectural theorist to discover and write that there was not a fixed set of proportions in the classical orders. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first school founded fro the formal education of civil engineers was located in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between Italian Baroque and French Baroque architecture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. The great pyramid (pyramid of khufu)
2.Pyramid of Menkaure
3. Pyramid of Khafre
sphinx and funerary and valley temple
2500s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Olympia
City States
472 BC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Iktinos and Kallikrates
Athens
447 BC
City States |
|
|
Term
| Theater Delphi and Epidaurus |
|
Definition
City States
used nature
[image][image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ephesus
323 BC
Alexander the Great
Hellenistic
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Didyma
300 BC
Alexander the Great
Hellenistic
[image] |
|
|
Term
| Mausoleum at Halicarnassus |
|
Definition
350 BC
Alexander the Great
Hellenistic
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alexandria
286 BC
Alexander the Great
Hellenistic
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
280 BC
burned by Julius Caesar 48 BC
Alexander the Great
Hellenistic
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
166 BC
Alexander the Great
Hellenistic
Put freize below columns
[image] |
|
|
