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jazz
jazz
92
Music
Undergraduate 2
09/09/2009

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Cards

Term
Number of bars in a song form
Definition
32
Term
ragtime
Definition
not officially jazz because there is not improvisation; one of the sources of info for jazz; important for jazz inspiration; is has march form but is different from the march because of the relationship between the treble and bass;

syncopated right hand; downbeat left hand
Term
The importance of the march
Definition
(1) it is the basic structure of ragtime and (2)the function of the instruments: woodwinds have a decorative function - embellishing the brass players (brass is king). This idea of brass and woodwinds doing something else is the root of the march.
Term
Scott Joplin
Definition
Best known ragtime composer
Term
Maple Leaf Rag
Definition
Scott Joplin; the left hand uses a stride technique (base and chord that keeps rhythm); it is additive and march form consisting of 8 strains (16 bars in length)
Term
scale
Definition
succession of pitches going in the same direction; the name is given to the first note in the scale
Term
Changes
Definition
chord changes
Term
Standard Changes in 12 bar form
Definition
bars 1-4: accompanied by I chord
bars 5-8: 1st half are IV chord, 2nd half I chord
bars 9-12: 1st half are V chord, 2nd half I chord
Term
Standard Changes in 12 bar form
Definition
bars 1-4: accompanies by I
bars 5-8: IV and I
bars 9-12: V and I
Term
Urban blues
Definition
big band, larger forces
Term
stop time technique
Definition
common in jazz, rhythm section stops playing while some are solo-ing for a bar or 2. Structure continues normally.
Term
Down the Dirt Road Blues
Definition
Charlie Patton, delta blues
Term
Fine and Mellow
Definition
Billy Holiday singing, Ben Webster and Lester Young on tenor sax, Jerry Mulligan on baritone sax, Roy Eldridge on trumpet, Coleman Hawkins on tenor sax
Term
Lester Young
Definition
tenor sax player - influence on modern tenor sax because his style was revolutionary; godfather of tenor sax
Term
Joe Williams
Definition
Going to Chicago, 1985 deemed the best male jazz singer ever; sang with Lambert, Hendricks and Loss - leading vocal group

In Sawmill Blues he uses his voice improvisationally to convey his message
Term
Ben Webster
Definition
tenor sax
Term
songform
Definition
consists of music that expands over 8 bars (32 beats) and then is repeated
Term
bridge
Definition
3rd group of 8 bars; the "B"
Term
the blues
Definition
structural consideration - the most common element is a 12 bar structure (shorter than song form allowing for more choruses (improvisations are shorter as well), but much more predictable)
Term
modal jazz
Definition
based on modes (scales); usually there is one chord attached to a particular scale - usually only one scale and therefore one chord; it is static
Most jazz improvisation based on chord changes (or changes) - but Modal jazz in the exception
Term
78 RPM
Definition
only last 3 minutes 15/20 seconds
Term
Jazz Brass
Definition
trumpet/cornet, trombone
Term
Jazz woodwinds
Definition
clarinet, soprano/alto/tenor/baritone sax
Term
Jazz rhythm
Definition
piano, guitar/banjo, string bass/tuba, drums
Term
She's Gotta Go - Ernie Andrews
Definition
1958, influenced by rock n roll; stop time; not really a serious blues but rather the dichotomy between the irnoy of blues being associated with heavier things but this song was funny.
Term
Good Rocking Tonigh - Whitney Harris
Definition
the top race recording hit on the charts; connections between blues and rock n roll
Term
The connection between blues and jazz
Definition
rock n roll got its inspiration from R & B; R&B originally known as race recordings with a very targeted audience
Term
Jimmy Rushing
Definition
5 by 5 singer
Term
Coleman Hawkins
Definition
tenor sax; old style; deleted the head and improvised the changes in the "Body and Soul"
Term
John Philip Sousa
Definition
march king 136 marches
Term
New Orleans cultural influences
Definition
West African (slavery), European, and ports bringing culture (Caribbean)
Term
New Orleans environment
Definition
tumultuous / tragic environment
Term
division of New Orleans
Definition
uptown: African Americans playing music by improvisation

downtown: whites and creoles playing classical more formal music, functionality
Term
2 kinds of music in the 1890's
Definition
RAGTIME: African American musicians in the midwest were the original, N.O. jazz took and improvised more

DELTA BLUES - not 12 bar structure
Term
Jim Crow Laws
Definition
1894 racial segregation code: creoles were told to move uptown. This meant that blacks started learning how to read music creoles and creoles started learning how to improvise. Very important component to jazz in NO
Term
1894
Definition
Jim Crow Laws
Term
1896
Definition
Plessy vs. Fergusson; separate but equal
Term
1897
Definition
2 sections of New Orleans: white and black Storyville
this 21 block area had 1500-2100 registered prostitutes. Brothels hires musicians to play - both black and white. Therefore, blacks got a head start in Storyville
Term
1917
Definition
US Navy put pressure on it, and STORYVILLE CLOSED. Musicians headed North because there were no gigs in NO

Also, the Original Dixieland Jass Band - ODJB was the first jazz recording EVER.
Term
ODJB
Definition
first jazz recording in 1917;

"The Livery Stable Blues" - popularity is due to novelty, representative of the brothels of Storyville
Term
2 sections of NO Dixieland style
Definition
1. rhythm: piano, tuba, drums, banjo
2. front line: cornet (very important usually carried the lead), trombone, clarinet
Term
Johnson and Ramble
Definition
brass band style
Term
Bessie Smith
Definition
classic Blues, empress of the blues
Term
Ma Rainy
Definition
mother of the blues
Term
New Orleans style
Definition
flat four; cornet plays melody, clarinet plays higher faster, trombone plays lower; stop time; breaks; march/blues/song forms
Term
Jellyroll Morton
Definition
creole piano player, classical music training but also excellent improviser; led a group called the Red Hot Peppers; first jazz musician to write down his jazz compositions
Term
Heebie Jebies
Definition
Armstrong; first recording of scat
Term
March form
Definition
AABBCCDD
Term
Charlie Patton
Definition
father of the Delta Blues
Term
Buddy Bolden
Definition
the first jazz musician, played a loud cornet
Term
Joe Oliver
Definition
cornet, Creole Jazz Band; first NO group to do a lot of recording and the first known recording of Armstrong's
Term
Buddy Bolden
Definition
the first jazz musician, played a loud cornet
Term
Sydney Bechet
Definition
Soprano sax player; fast vibrato; New Orleans Style
Term
Cake Walking Babies from Home
Definition
Red Onion Jazz Babies; Armstrong on cornet, Sydney Bechet on soprano sax, Charlie Irvis on trombone,
Term
Black Bottom Stomp
Definition
Jellyroll Morton and the Red Hot Peppers; Jellyroll piano, George Mitchel trumpet, Omer Simeon clarinet,
Term
Dippermouth Blues
Definition
King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band; king olver cornet, Armstrong cornet, Sydney Bechet soprano sax, Johnny Dodds clarinet
Term
country blues
Definition
the original source of all blues; developed in 1890's as a fusion of British style-ballads and work songs
Term
Great Migration
Definition
peaked twice: 1910-1930 and 1940-1960; describes the movement of black from South to North and from the country to cities; 3 million blacks; incentives to leave: KKK, Woodrow Wilson, jobs in the North, crop destruction 1915-1916, and after the war job.
Term
Memphis Blues
Definition
WC Handy made blues popular in 1912 with this song
Term
Crazy Blues
Definition
first blues recording by Mamie Smith and Okeh Phonograph Co.
Term
Good Rocking Tonight
Definition
top race recording hit on the charts; W. Harris; connection between blues and rock n roll
Term
The Livery Stable Blues
Definition
first jazz recording in 1917; popularity due to novelty
Term
stop time
Definition
Rhythm section stops and solo continues. No interruption of form
Term
Bridge
Definition
B section of Song Form. Provides contrast in texture, harmony.
Term
Standard Blues changes
Definition
I IV I V I
Term
Shout Chorus
Definition
Typical of New Orleans jazz. Everyone improvises together
Term
Flat Four
Definition
Even weight to all four beats. Common in New Orleans style
Term
Collective Improvisation
Definition
Typical of New Orleans style. All improvise together.
Term
Front Line
Definition
Cornet or Trumpet, Clarinet, Trombone, (sometimes soprano Sax)
Term
Harlem Renaissance
Definition
Literary and Artistic development of African Americans, centered in Harlem. Matter of much pride for blacks in the 1920’s. Established numerous writers, eg. Langston Hughes. Jazz was part of this for many.
Term
Storyville
Definition
22 block section of New Orleans devoted to bars and prostitution, that provided regular employment for many jazz musicians until 1917. It’s closure meant jazz had to spread northward to Chicago, Kansas City, New York city, and numerous cities in California
Term
Roy Eldridge
Definition
high range trumpet
Term
Jerry Mulligan
Definition
baritone sax
Term
Ben Webster
Definition
tenor sax
Term
Sidney Bechet
Definition
Clarinet and Soprano Sax
Term
Good Rockin' Tonight
Definition
top race recording on the charts; R&B; Winona Harris
Term
typical of Sydney Bichet
Definition
fast vibrato
Term
Jellyroll Morton
Definition
piano player; Creole, first jazz musician to write down his jazz compositions
Term
first jazz musician to write down his compositions
Definition
Jellyroll Morton, creole piano player
Term
syncopation
Definition
the accentuation of rhythms that ordinarily go un-accentuated
Term
melody
Definition
linear succession of pitches that we hear as a coherent unit
Term
modulation
Definition
the process of changing from one key to another
Term
mode
Definition
emotional effects of a piece
Term
W.E.B. Du Bois
Definition
claimed that good will and productivity (Booker T Washington) would never prevail in the face of legalized segregation. Viewed segregation as fundamentally unjust and therefore unacceptable in a democratic society. wrote The Souls of Black Folks
Term
Minstrel Shows
Definition
white entertainers satirically impersonated African Americans joking, dancing, singing, and playing music. Gave blacks their central route into show business
Term
Vaudeville
Definition
1890's-1930's; a step up from the minstrelsy because it didn't have a built-in racial theme and was a more neutral performing tone; Bert Williams
Term
Irving Berlin
Definition
important songwriter; wanted to write a ragtime opera; produced many popular and familiar songs that have become American standards "blues skies," "God Bless America," and "White Christmas"

wrote for a lot of Broadway and Hollywood musicals
Term
ABAC
Definition
before WWI; after WWI it was AABA
Term
Livery Stable Blues
Definition
first jazz recording in 1917 by ODJB
Term
Jellyroll Morton
Definition
first Jazz musician to write down his jazz compositions; piano player; Creole
Term
Clarence Williams
Definition
New Orleans Dixieland
Term
Mamie Smith
Definition
"Crazy Blues" was the first record by a jazz woman in 1920; first lady of the blues
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