Term
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Definition
| When one side wins and the other loses. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a situation ends and all parties benefit. |
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Term
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Definition
| A state which provides social services to its members. |
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Term
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Definition
| A state that can't carry out policies very well, or a state in which the powers are very limited. |
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Term
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Definition
| A vote in parliament that supports the government; A government that loses its vote of confidence is often expected to resign. |
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Term
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Definition
| A concentration of political power in a central government as opposed to federalism. |
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Term
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Definition
| A government with one legislative body |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly educated bureaucrats who make decisions based on how they see technical issues instead of political ones. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organization of interdependent features, with limits, which interacts with its environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organizations or events in which nations are not totally sovereign actors. For example the European Union and Global Warming. |
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Term
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Definition
The economic theory that;
1.) markets are the most efficient way to allocate productive resources.
2.) The government should interfere as little as possible
3.) Economic actors will negate any actions by the government by anticipating the actions and using preventive measures. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organization or process by which the government carrys out policies. (Private structures are the methods by which organizations and etc carry out their policies) |
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Term
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Definition
| World bank programs which offer financial and management aid to poor countries while demanding privatization, trade liberalization, and government fiscal restraint |
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Term
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Definition
| A state with extensive capacity to carry out policies adopted or a state in which there are few limitations on the actions of the state. |
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Term
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Definition
| the assembly of all those people and groups within a nation-state that have power to effect change at some level of society through direct action or political participation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Independent legal authority over a population in a particular place; the degree to which a state controls its own territory and independently make and carry out policy |
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Term
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Definition
| A term created by harvard professor "Joseph Nye" who defines it in international relations as "co-opting people rather than coercing them." |
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Term
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Definition
| A political/economic system in which the government plays a major role in determining the use of valuble goods and resources. |
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Term
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Definition
| The material condition of the members of a group; may also refer to the group-supplied material benefits in society, for example healthcare. |
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Term
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Definition
| Collective political action by a section of society outside the realm of established parties, intrest groups and power elites. Social movements goals are often adopted by parties and intrest groups shortly after. The leaders of social movements are often co-opted by power elites |
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Term
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Definition
| A political philosophy centered on electorial politics, equality centered social policies, and the creation of social welfare systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| The basic agreement between group members and the group as a whole as to rights, privileges, duties, benefits, and costs. Often in constitutions, at least in part. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alterations in the charictaristics in a group, or the relationships among and between members of the group. |
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Term
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Definition
| an electorial system in which voters choose an individual running for office in each legislative district. |
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Term
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Definition
That part of the economy which organizes and provides services at an economic cost.
(Buisnesses that don't produce things) |
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Term
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Definition
| A system of government in which government power is divided using checks and balences. |
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Term
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Definition
| An electorial system in which winners earn a majority of the votes cast. In cases where no candidate wins a majority, the least successful candidates are pulled from the ballot, and another election is held. |
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Term
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Definition
| Constitutionalism; a government which operates under a known set of rules (laws) |
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Term
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Definition
| A process by which a political regime is overthrown and replaced |
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Term
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Definition
| A political regime in which government citizens choose leaders directly, or indirectly. |
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Term
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Definition
The practice of political leaders, who, for the purposes of remaining in positions of power, "rent" public asssets to patrons who profit from those public assets.
(for example renting an oilfield.) |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which colonial powers (mostly European) diveste4d themselves of empires (not always voluntarily) |
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Term
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Definition
| the form of patron-client politics that legitimizes the exploitation of government power for the benefit of office holders and their followers |
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Term
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Definition
| Markest in which traders buy and sell currencies; the values of currencies set in these markets have a powerful influence on foreign exchange rates. |
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Term
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Definition
| Elected officials are in charge of making laws & usually financial resources as well. |
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Term
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Definition
| Historical development of a state |
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Term
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Definition
| An important historical moment when political actors make critical choices, which shape institutions and future outcomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| government efforts to gather valuable resources for public use (think taxes) |
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Term
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Definition
| Where a nation & a state coincide in the same territory. |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of an economy which incolces making use of natural resources for economic purposes (e.g minimg) |
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Term
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Definition
| The groups with which people identify, including gender, class, race, region, and religion, and which are the "building blocks" for social and action |
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Term
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Definition
| a group organized on the grounds of self-perceived common interest within a political party, interest group, or government |
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Term
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Definition
| Cause & effect theory. If X happens then Y is the result. |
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Term
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Definition
| a state where the government has lost the ability to provide the most basic of public services or implement its policies |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a regime where the political authority is shared between a central government and local governments |
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Term
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Definition
| Political activities and ideas based on the shared experiences of an ethnic, religious, or social group emphasizing gaining power and benefits for the group rather than pursuing ideological or universal or even state-wide goals. |
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Term
| ICC: International Criminal Court |
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Definition
| 120 members; Prosecutes against genocide, crimes against humanity & war crimes. |
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Term
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Definition
| 193 members; International organization dedicated to the security of its members & creating of a peaceful world. Promotes democracy, social progress, human rights, environmental progress and security. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organization that attempts to influence policy making to benefit itself and its members |
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Term
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Definition
| the actions by citizens which invlove them in the process of selecting leaders and making policies. |
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Term
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Definition
| The chief public representative of a state. |
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Term
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Definition
| The X factor in a casual theory.It is the cause of the dependent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| the interaction of political and economic systems and policymaking of a state. |
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Term
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Definition
| the reactions of people, organizations, and other factors that shape political environments for future policymaking |
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Term
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Definition
| The Y factor in a casual theory. It is affected by the independent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| The office and the person occupying the office charged with leading the operation of a government. |
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Term
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Definition
| government decisions about total public spending and revenue that result in budgetary deficits or surpluses |
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Term
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Definition
| the collection of history, values, beliefs, assumptions, attitudes, traditions, and symbols that define and influence political behavior within a nation state |
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Term
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Definition
| interests, activities, and property of individuals and groups not part of government |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief that politicians rationally pursue their own ends. |
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Term
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Definition
| The mathods by which citizens and groups can express thier desires and make demands on the government. (protests, Lobbying, etc.) |
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Term
| Gross Domestic Product (GDP) |
|
Definition
| The total value of goods and services produced by an economy. (Similar to Gross National Product GNP) |
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Term
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Definition
| the rates at which the currency from one nation trades with others ( it is affected by currency markets, balances of trade, and domestic government policies) |
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Term
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Definition
| The field within political science that focuses on domestic politics and analyzes patterns of similarity and difference. |
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Term
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Definition
| the flow of information from and about government to its constituents and feedback from constituents to people in government |
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Term
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Definition
| the form of patron-client politics that legitimizes the exploitation of government power for the benefit of office holders and their followers |
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Term
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Definition
| decisions made by an organization defining its goals and actions |
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Term
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Definition
| ways in which demands of citizens and groups are amalagamated into proposed policy packages |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to direct the behavior of others through coercion, persuasion, or leadership |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief that there are few universal truths in politics. |
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Term
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Definition
| the actions taken by a government to decide upon, implement, and enforce policy decisions |
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Term
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Definition
| government powers to regulate public safety and enforce laws |
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Term
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Definition
| Locally-organized activism. (Opposite to hierarchical organizing) |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of governance where the authority of government is concentrated in one body (see seperation of powers) |
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Term
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Definition
| the concept that gov. officials are responsible to and serve at the pleasure of constituents or elected officials (and they may be removed from office by those electors or officials) |
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Term
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Definition
| to resolve a matter in dispute; when backed up by the authority of gov. the decision can be enforced |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of a country's economy that is involved in the production of farm products |
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Term
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Definition
| complete self- sufficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of governance based on coercion rather that political legitimacy |
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Term
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Definition
| the legal right to exercise power on behalf of the society and/or government |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of governance in which a small group has absolute power |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which a state can implement policies independent of the populace or the amount of sovereignty a nation-state can exercise in the global environment |
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Term
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Definition
comparison between the value of exports and the value of imports for a nation-state; usually figured by subtracting the value of imports from the number of exports (a positive balance of trade means that exports were worth more than imports; negative balance of trade means the value of imports exceeded the value of exports)
(exports-imports=balance of trade) |
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Term
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Definition
| legislative body with 2 houses |
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Term
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Definition
| the result of gov. spending in any one fiscal year exceeding the gov. revenue in that year (nat. debt is the total of yearly deficits) |
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Term
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Definition
| beliefs in the importance of policy goals beyond one's immediate self interest as well as one's prosperity and security (aka "post-modern values") |
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Term
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Definition
| Form of government where absolute control is concentrated in one or a few rulers. |
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Term
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Definition
| an electoral system in which election winners are determined by which candidate receives the largest number of votes |
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Term
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Definition
| A situation brought about by specialization and/or limited resources, in which nations rely on each other resources, goods, services, and political assets such as security and stability. |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of governance in which the head of goverment is chosen by and serves at the pleasure of the legislature |
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Term
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Definition
| a government-ownered coporation to compensate for the lack of private ecoomic development or to ensure complete and equitable service to the whole country |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of governance dominated by a small powerful group in the state |
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Term
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Definition
| cosideration based upon preferences and calues about whatthings should be like |
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Term
| non-governmental organization (NGO) |
|
Definition
| private group that pursues self-defined goals outside of government; common activities are publicizing issues, lobbying, making demands on government, and providing direct services |
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Term
| newly-industrializing countries |
|
Definition
| nation-states that began developing economic idustrial sectors relatively recently |
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Term
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Definition
| a label given to a variety of attempts to achieve dominance over other nations; can apply to companies or organizations |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of making the government the owner of productive resources |
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Term
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Definition
| the historic total of yearly government budgetary deficits and surpluses for a nation-state |
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Term
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Definition
| a territorial unit controlled by a single state and governed by a single government |
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Term
|
Definition
| an interest group organization whose membership is other organizations with parallel interests and goals |
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Term
|
Definition
| Group of people and oraganizations that have political authority in a state; part of state with public authority. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of a state moving to a democratic system of government |
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Term
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Definition
| The characteristcs of a regime or a government. |
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Term
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Definition
| describing an ecnomy in which the service sector has become more important than the industrial sector |
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Term
| patron-client relationships |
|
Definition
| a usually informal alliance between a person holding power and less powerful or lower status people |
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Term
|
Definition
| Demands and support by individuals and groups upon the decision(policy) making process of government |
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Term
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Definition
| that part of the economy which manufactures finished and secondary products. |
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Term
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Definition
| Created in response to the financial crisis of 2007-2010 to combat the crisis and promote global economic prosperity. |
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|
Term
| BRIC: Brazil, Russia, India and China |
|
Definition
| Pertains to the economic status of these four countries. A quarter of the worlds' growth has come from these four countries. |
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Term
| WTO: World Trade Organization |
|
Definition
| 153 members; Establishes rules for trade between nations. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business. |
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Term
| APEC: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation |
|
Definition
| Promotes open trade and practical economic cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region. |
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Term
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Definition
| a political party that does not attempt to appeal to voters beyond an indentifiable group within a population |
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Term
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Definition
| The spread of representative government to more countries and the process of making governments more repesentative |
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Term
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Definition
| nationm-states which have industrial or post industrial economies |
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Term
|
Definition
| nation-states which are industrializing |
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Term
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Definition
| a process in a unitary government of delegating some decisoon making to local public bodies |
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Term
|
Definition
| government policies that allocate valuable resources |
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Term
|
Definition
| Consideration of agreed-upon facts gathered by observation or experiment |
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Term
|
Definition
| a group of people seen by themselves and/or others as belonging together because of ancestry, religion, linguistics, and/or other cultural features of the group; often the basis of a nation |
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Term
|
Definition
| clutural and social characteristics that distinguish one nation from another-especially in the minds of the members of the ethnic group |
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Term
|
Definition
| The prople and agencies, which implement or execute governmentpolicy (from the head of government to the lowest bureaucrat) |
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Term
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Definition
| The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of people, cultures, economies, and nation-states facilitated by technology, trade, and cultural diffusion. |
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Term
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Definition
| a governements decisions and actions which define goals and methods for manufacturing sectors of economy |
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Term
|
Definition
| Describing organizations or events that involve more than one nation-state |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory that certain human-produced gases in the atmosphere are causing the earth's climate to warm. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a factor influenced by an independent variable that affects the changes in the dependent variable |
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Term
|
Definition
| describing an activist government and/or state that is involved in a wide range of political,economic, and social arenas |
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Term
|
Definition
| A description of common features of a chosen group or category of examples. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the processes through which groups of people govern themselves or are governed; activities associated with the exercise of authority |
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Term
|
Definition
| the institutions and methods of developing and reinforcing significant public beliefs, attitudes, and practices |
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Term
|
Definition
| the processes by which people are encouraged and chosen to become members of an elite within a political system or state |
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Term
|
Definition
| an organized group of people with the primary purpose of electing its members to government office (some exist to represent and promote a point of view or ideology regardless of electoral successes) |
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Term
|
Definition
| any one of the inputs, instituions, or processes that shape the results of governemnt policy making |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mutually-beneficial relatiobnships between private interest,beaucrats, and legislators;sometimes called an "integrated elite" |
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|
Term
| WHO: World Health Organization |
|
Definition
| It is responsible for providing leadership on global health matters, shaping the health research agenda, setting norms and standards, articulating evidence-based policy options, providing technical support to countries and monitoring and assessing health trends. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The power of courts to modify or nullifythe actions of legislatures, executives, and lower courts |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pressures from people and interest on the government for change. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process by which colonial powers divested themselves of empires. |
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Term
|
Definition
| markets in which traders buy and sell currencies. |
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Term
|
Definition
| forceful replacement of regime or government by small elite group or groups |
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Term
|
Definition
| Apparent association between variables |
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Term
|
Definition
| System of governance in which government is dominated by reps. of groups within society. |
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Term
|
Definition
| support by granting favors. Often implications that less-important favors lead to abandonement of important goals. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Supreme law that defines structure of a natin-state's regime and legal processes government must follow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any things in comparative case analysis that are essentially identical in studied examples |
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Term
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Definition
| decision-making that aims for win-win outcomes and avoids win-lose and zero sum situations. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a governemnt policy that uses trade restrictions and subsidies to encourage domestic productions of manufactured goods |
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Term
|
Definition
Pattern of organization for government;
military etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ideas of John Maynard Keynes that governments can manipulate macro-economics demand through taxation and spending policies in order to foster stable growth |
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Term
|
Definition
| Attempt to explain complex correlations/causations - oversimplification |
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Term
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Definition
| the practice of one nation state taking control of nations and territory of other countries |
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Term
|
Definition
| the belief that a regime is a proper one and the government has a right to exercise authority |
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Term
|
Definition
| significant change in party or policy loyalties within a nation-state |
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Term
|
Definition
| domestic government policies affecting interest rates and the supplu of money available with an economy |
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Term
|
Definition
| statistical studies which seek correlations/causations between data |
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Term
|
Definition
| the simultaneouseffects of a number of independent and intervening variables that bring about changes in dependent variables |
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Term
|
Definition
| An international organization, or union, whereby member states transcend national boundaries or interests to share in the decision-making and vote on issues pertaining to the wider grouping. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The social cleavage theory is a concept used in sociology and political science to explore how society is divided into groups. Social cleavages are acknowledged divisions in society based on specific factors and are used to describe, among other things, voting behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| you are SELECTIVELY recruting people to your staff based on certian aspects fo them |
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Term
|
Definition
| Globalization refers to the increasingly global relationships of culture, people and economic activity. Most often, it refers to economics: the global distribution of the production of goods and services, through reduction of barriers to international trade such as tariffs, export fees, and import quotas |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fusion of powers is a feature of parliamentary democracies, wherein the executive and legislative branches are intermingled. It is often contrasted with the more strict separation of powers found in the presidential democracies. Fusion of powers exists in many, if not a majority, of democracies today, and does so by design. But the system was the result of political evolution in Britain over many centuries, as the powers of the monarch and the upper house withered away, and the lower house became dominant. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Case studies of historic and cultural aspects of politicalsystem |
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Term
|
Definition
| a group of people who identify themselves as belonging together because of a cultural, geographic, or linguistic |
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Term
|
Definition
| a situation in which values are incompatible |
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Term
|
Definition
| a decision making process in which all parties concede some goals to reach agreement |
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Term
|
Definition
| an economic politcal system in which gov decisions rather than markets determine resource use and output |
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Term
| collective responsibility |
|
Definition
| the concept that all cabinet members agree on policy and that all will be responsible for the results |
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Term
|
Definition
| political action organized by ruling authorities rather than interest groups |
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Term
|
Definition
| an exchange system in which clients offer support and loyalty to patrons who offer material and intangible benefits |
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Term
|
Definition
| factors that separate a group within society |
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Term
|
Definition
| the divisions of society into groups according to economic roles and status attributes |
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Term
|
Definition
| all those organizations outside of gov and commercial areas |
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Term
|
Definition
| a system of carfully describing the tasks involved in preforming government jobs |
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Term
|
Definition
| actions, policies, institutions open to community at large |
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|
Term
| Proportional Representation |
|
Definition
| electoralsystem where voters select parties for representation - representation is distributed by portion of votes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Employees of the government who administer (not make) policy; expected to serve all governments. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A political culture in which citizens widely share a belief in the legitimacy of their regime and trust in the government; therefore the citizens demonstrate restraint in their demands on the government. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A member of a state who is legally entitled to full civil rights and is legally obliged to perform defined public duties. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A system of governance in which divisions of government can restrain the political authority of other divisions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A correlation in which a change in one variable results in change in others. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A political party whose aim is to gather support from a broad range of citizens through a de-emphasis of ideology and an emphasis on pragmatism, charismatic, leadership and marketing. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An economic system that emphasizes private property rights and market mechanisms. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The degree to which a state or government is able to implement its policies. |
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Term
|
Definition
| In a parliamentary system, the group of ministers who direct administrative bureaucracies (ministers) and make up the government, which is responsible to parliament (see accountability); in a presidential system, the administrative directors responsible to the president. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A hierarchically structured organization charged with carrying out the policies determined by those with political authority. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An approach to economic policy in which state economic policies are used to regulate the economy in an attempt to achieve stable economic growth. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A person who studies the similarities and differences in domestic politics of various countries |
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Term
|
Definition
| government policies aiming to reduce state regulation and promote competition among business firms within the market |
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Term
|
Definition
| territorial unit controlled by a state |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The most powerful political institutions in a country including the executive, legislative,and judicial branches of government. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The agencies of government that implement policy |
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Term
|
Definition
| the body of officials who direct executive departments presided over by the chief executive |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| responsible for making laws and usually porviding for the financial resources for the state to carry out its functions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Responsible for the administration of justice and in some countries for determining the constitutionality of state decisions |
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Term
|
Definition
| The intensification of worldwide interconnectedness associated with the increased speed and magnitude of cross border flows of trade, investment and finance, and processes of migration, cultural diffusion and communication. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) Provides low interest loans, no-interest credit, policy advice, and technical assistance to developing countries with the goal of reducing poverty. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Human Development Index (HDI) |
|
Definition
| A composite number used by the United Nations to measure and compare levels of achievement in health, knowledge, and standard of living. |
|
|
Term
| Common Agricultural Policy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A measure of the extent to which women in 58 countries have achieved equality with men. |
|
|
Term
| Soviet Nomenklatura System |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Environmental Performance Index |
|
Definition
| A measure of how close countries come to meeting specific benchmarks for national pollution control and natural resource management. |
|
|
Term
| Corruption Perceptions Index |
|
Definition
| A measure developed by Transparency International that ranks countries in terms of the dgree to which corruption is perceived to exist amoung public officials and politicians |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plurality Electoral System |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proportional Electoral system |
|
Definition
|
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| Freedom in the World rating |
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| An annual evaluation by Freedom House of the state of freedom in countries around the world measured according to political rights and civil liberites |
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| National People's Congress |
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| Deferential Shadow Cabinets |
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