Term
| What is the economic answer to the difference between rich and poor countries? |
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Definition
GOOD INSTITUTIONS:
-Promote wealth
-lack corruption
-follow the rule of law
-private property rights
-invest in education
-enforce contracts
-Lower rate of presidential assassinations. |
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Term
| Why are good institution factors an incomplete answer between wealth of nations? |
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Definition
-Example: Zambia vs. Netherlands
-Incomplete because why is it so hard to implement in some regions?
-Geographic location: Temperate have double the income of tropics
-tropics: increased disease, decreased soil
-Landlock: hard to gain access to trade |
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Term
| Where is the origin of good institutions? |
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Definition
-13,000 ago everyone at same level- hunter/gatherers.
-Institutions developed with food surplus(agriculture), feeding specialists, government, merchants.
-Some regions developed agriculture due to luck of domesticatable species near by, able to get jump start on institutions.
-leads to writing/governance longer
-Length of time country has had ag accounts for 1/2 of variation of wealth and poverty. i.e. SE Asia over past 60 years over Africa due to rich history. |
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Term
| What are disadvantages to the Tropics? |
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Definition
-Soil less productive & more pests/bacteria to destroy crops
-more disease: cold weather kills bacteria; Malaria/AIDS rampant in Africa, low life expectancy(Zambia=41); Disease bad for economy- short life of trained workers, sicks days, women always pregnant due to high infant mortality; NOT UNCURABLE, can adapt, like Malaysias intense public health system.
-Political Stability: High infant mortality is strongest factor in politcal collapse, represents lack of aid and stress on population
-Machinery: tropics are hot, things break down/overheat w/0 recent air conditioning technology. |
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Term
| What is the Curse of Natural Resources? |
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Definition
-Countries w/ resources more poor than w/o.
-Resources sold raw, profit made from processed goods.
-Provoke civil wars, minerals in unequal distribution of country
-Promote corruption
-Raise prices/wages- outcompetes other sectors of economy, i.e. Exxon/mobil in New Guinea. |
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Term
| What is the theory of European colonization and reversal of fortune? |
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Definition
-Large populations: colonies impletelment extractive institutions, exploit people and concentrate wealth via corrupt govt., army & church. These still exist in former colonies. (Guatamala)
-Small populations/low disease: Europeans settle in and create workforce/farmers and good institutions.
-example: Costa rica was poorest, no resources/disease so settlers moved in and worked land, presently it's democratic, developed, no armies/strong church, corrupt officials punished. Guatamala was richest w/ dense population and mining, presently corrupt, poor, oppressive army, underdeveloped. |
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Term
| Why is foreign aid self-help? |
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Definition
-Countries that give out recieve help by preventing problems like:
-refugees leaving, bearing diseases(cholera)
-harbor terrorism
-call for military intervention |
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Term
| What allowed Eurasia to conquer the world in 1492? |
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Definition
-Metal: tools, armor, swords, IRON!
-Politics: State govt & Empires, had standing armies, leaders, defeated disorganized tribes, empires covered Eurasia and S. America
-Writing: Eurasia, Some africa/C. America
-Agriculture: Permanent villages, large population,Sedentariness |
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Term
| Advantages of agriculture over hunter gathering? |
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Definition
-11,000 BC level playing field
-Farming/herding key to development everything else is secondary(armies, writing, tech, govt)
-Grow food, containers, milk, wool, hide, pull plow, ride, warfare
-all plants edible instead of having to forage through mostly inedible.
-Population boom: foragers 0.1-1 person/sq mile, farmers 10-1000/sq mile.
-Settle in permanent villages: leads to more babies 1 baby/2yrs, foragers on move must carry children, 1baby/4yrs so they can walk on own.
-Technology: too heavy, can't accumulate
-Food storage: supports specialists |
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Term
| Why aren't more species domesticatable? What is the criteria for domesticating animals? |
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Definition
-Most plants inedible, some just undomesticatable(oak- selective for jays/squirrels & contain poison)
-For animals: must have social structure(territorial animals fight), don't want nasty disposition(hard to slaughter/might slaughter you!),flexible diet,no carnivores(must raise animals to feed animals) & breeding habits, accepts penning & not skittish, grow and breed fast, not small, AND must be locally found. |
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Term
| What are the domesticated plants/animals and where did they come from? |
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Definition
The Fertile Crescent: 8500 BC: emmer & einkorn wheat, barley, pea, lentil, chickpea, flax, muskmelon, olive, sheep, goat
-China, by 7500 BC: rice, millet, soybean, mung bean, hemp, pig, silkworm
-Mesoamerica, by 3500 BC: corn, beans, squash, cotton, yucca, agave, jicama, turkey
-Andes and Amazonia, by 3500 BC: potato, quinoa, casava, lima bean, peanut, cotton, sweet potato, squashes, [corn], llama(only new world large mammal), guinea pig
-Eastern US, 2500 BC: sunflower, goosefoot (chenopod), Jerusalem artichoke, squash; no animals
-Sahel [sub-Sahara], by 5000 BC: sorghum, African rice, millet, guinea fowl
-Tropical W Africa, by 3000 BC: African yams and rice, sorghum, millet, oil palm, cotton, watermelon, bottle gourd, no animals
-Ethiopia: coffee, teff, millet, no animals
-New Guinea, by 7000 BC: sugar cane, yams, taro, banana; no animals (except dogs) |
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Term
| How to change genetics of plants for domestication? |
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Definition
-Passive, took the easiest seeds to harvest, tight bunches on tops, thinner shells, ate the almonds that the birds ate(non-poisonous varieties)
-Seed crops first, then fruit and nuts and finally grafted fruits |
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Term
| Why the fertile crescent for agriculture? |
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Definition
-Luck of the draw, lots of domesticatible endemic species
-Mediterranean climate: rainy mild winter/hot dry summers favored non-woody anuals, large-seeded, self-pollinators, lots of grasses(barley/emmer wheat)
-lots of domesticatable animals. |
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Term
| Why did Eurasia rapidly expand but other regions did not catch on as fast? |
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Definition
-Diffusion of food production easier East/west due to similar climatic, geographic & disease conditions and no barriers.
-To go N/S there are greater variations in climate, deserts, diseases, nonarable land barriers, jungles(panama filtering species into S. America) |
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Term
| What are the different populations in africa and how did they come to form? |
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Definition
-Because Africa is where humans originated, has highest diversity due to old heritage.
-North African "whites" resemble whites of middle east/Europe, primarily farmers; Speak afroasiatic(arabic/hebrew/Aramyaic)
-Pygmies: once larger, now confined to around 200,000 in Central Africa jungles by Bantu farmers. Spoke niger-congo, 177 sub-familes, 1 accounts for most rest crowded in W. Tropical Africa
-Khoisan("Bushmen" & "hottentots"): "click" language once widespread as seen in usage of isolated desert regions across SW africa where bantu farmers could not farm.
-Asians: Madagascar mix of Indonesian and black, speak Austronesian language.
-"Blacks": Largest group, occur all over southern sahara, farmer/herders, BANTU! Spread all the way to fish river before climate changed and crops could not grow.
-Bantu were successful due to: superier plant/animal domestication, iron/bronze
-By not extending past fish river, allowed dutch to settle on cape with relatively little resistance of khoisan. |
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Term
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Definition
-Evolves from slang, dialect, etc over time
-Dialect understandable, over 1000's year becomes distant(latin root languages) and 5000's years no longer understandable
-Whole family of languages originated from 1 around 6000 years ago. |
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Term
| Why are the worst diseases in Africa? |
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Definition
-Worst diseases found in tropics
-Similar species to humans in Africa(apes)
-Longest relation w/ environment
-Ex. Malaria, yellow fever, AIDS, sleeping sickness
-Main barrier to European colonization until treatment for malaria, Africans developed resistance(sickle cell) |
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Term
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Definition
-Fertile Crescent- 2 wheats, barley(needs winter rain/restricted north of ethiopia)
-Sahal: sorghum/millet (archelogical evidence shows this area was once wet)
-Tropical W. Africa: 3000BC(long after fertile crescent) Oil palm, yam, African rice, guinea fowl, Cola nut
-Ethiopia: Coffee, Teff
-NOT A SINGLE PLANT DOMESTICATED SOUTH OF EQUATOR, all hunter/gatherer until introduction.
-Took a long time for livestock to spread south in Africa, lots of disease |
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Term
| How did Indonesians make it to Madagascar? |
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Definition
-Monsoons would push them East/west 1 season and then back West/east in the next.
-Trade developed across Indian Ocean up and down Africa
-Settled Madagascar 1500 years ago, few inhabitants there. |
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Term
| History of settlement of Africa by Europeans |
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Definition
-Phoenicians 1st to circumnavigate Africa, proof in writing stating sun was in the north in noon which happens in southern hemisphere.
-1498 Vasco de Gama:Portuguese navigated west coast, blown offshore but picked up by southernly winds & carried down to w. africa, kept navigating around to e. africa, picked up on & started asian spice trade(made huge profit)
-Dutch settled in Cape of Africa for trade
-European Slave trade on W. Africa, did not settle due to malaria
-Cure for malaria in 1800's, colonized heavily, only Ethiopia exempt due to victory against italians. |
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Term
| Dates to know: origin of agriculture, dutch settle cape, bantu spread, how long it took dutch to find bantu, when did modern humans evolve? |
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Definition
-Origin of agriculture: 3000bc
-Dutch settled cape- 1652
-Bantu spread 2000 yrs ago, only took 200 to get to s. africa from equator
-took dutch 50 yrs to expand to bantu
-modern human: 50,000 yrs ago |
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Term
| 6 reasons why Africa is poor |
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Definition
-History and Geography late start- Agriculture started late, domestic animals slow to adapt to tropic N/S migration. No state in Africa until 1000 yrs ago.
-Landlocked: 14 countries, Uganda, Chad, Niger, Rwanda, Zambia; Only 1 navigable river(Nile), in contrast N. America has many.
-Tropical Climate: shorter life span, Zambia=41, high disease, poor soil, richest countries in Africa are far north/south(mediterranean climate)
-Curse of Natural Resources: fosters corruption, drives up wages, gives countries feeling of infinite flow of money so they don't invest in institutions/education
-Legacy of Colonial Institutions= extractive institution
-Environmental Degradation: dry(very susceptible), fragile biomes, Ethiopia, Somalia, Morocco.
-Some solutions: Public healthcare, acknowledging that you live in tropics and working w/ it. |
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Term
| Mammals of neotropics(Latin America) |
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Definition
New world monkeys
-sloths
-vampire bats
-ant eaters
-Opposium(marsupials)
-BIRDS!: song birds, some migrate to N. America, RICHEST BIRD SPECIES IN WORLD, 1/6 of all birds are from neotropics!
-Gondwandaland: S. America/Australia/Africa- share lots of plants/animals. |
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Term
| What was the Great American Interchange? |
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Definition
South America used to be largest island, unconnected to N. America, evolved isolated(anteaters, armadillos, ungulates, marsupial carnivores)
-8 mya: N. America close enough for swimming, 1st mammals cross over
-3mya: continents combine, animals rush to continents/compete for niches & most S. America mammals go extinct(few survive= armadillo, New World Monkey), S. America obtain: Rabbit, dear, bear, dog, shrew.
-N. American species more successful due to FAUNAL DOMINANCE: S. America was isolated w/ less competition, N. America more accustomed to it. |
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Term
| Native american description |
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Definition
-Most uniform of any continent, only modest differences(Homogeneous probably due to recent arrival, from same source- 30k yrs ago, bering straight, East Asians)
-Native languages: Quechua(Andes), Mayan, Nahuatl(Aztec), Guarani(National language of Paraguay); all indistinguishable from East asian over time. |
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Term
| The first native americans: Farming, technology |
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Definition
-Farming in 2 areas: Meso-America(corn/squash/bean/cacao/avocado/chili/cotton) & Andes(potato/sweet potato/cassava/quinoa/ lima/squash/chili/cotton(different species probably because of lag time of N/S axis)
-8000 yrs ago agriculture, 3000yrs=1st settlements
-Mammals: Meso= dog/turkey; Andes= Llama/guinea big/Muscovy duck
-Technology: Mayans(less agriculture(couldnt support high population-armies)/lots of books/writing!(600BC)/Government(200BC)), temples/pyramids, no metal tools
Andes technology: HUGE EMPIRE, pottery, agriculture. |
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Term
| Conquest of South America; Cortez/Pizzaro |
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Definition
Cortez- Conquered Aztecs in 1500's, helped by indian allies.
Pizzaro-Conquered Incans w/0 indian allies; 168 spaniards w/ horses, guns, germs, steel
-Reasons for conquest: agiculture(earlier empires), tech(steel, guns, ocean-going ships), germs(evolved from domestic aniamls, killed 95% of natives), writing(incans had none, enabled Pizzaro to learn from Cortez), Horses(sherman tanks of past) |
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Term
| Why are some latin american countries rich and some poor? Hispanola example |
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Definition
-Hispanola example(Haiti and Dominican Republic):
-environmental factors: DR is wetter, richer soils, but Haiti used to be but now 99% deforested, DR has conservation
-Culture: France ruled Haiti- slavery & revolt, killed off Europeans, spoke Creole(hard to understand), Europeans abandoned it -DR: Spanish rule, no slavery, no revolt, forced into independence, spoke spanish(easy communication), warmly accept Europeans.
-Dictators: DR had terrible dictator, owned everything, so he developed business for self-interest, successor was conservationist; Haiti dictator did not develop |
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Term
| Central America example of rich/poor countries |
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Definition
-Costa Rica vs. Guatamala
-Costa rica originally poorest/Guatamala richest: REVERSAL OF FORTUNE!
-Low population/resources forced colonization of Costa rica instead of exploitation, had to work land themselves, no army/religion/resources to exploit w/ institutions, 3 presidents in jail for corruption(GOOD!) |
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Term
| Why is S. America poorer than N. America? |
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Definition
-Temperate vs. Tropical: Disease, air conditioning for machinery, soils, pests
-Easier to sail from Europe to N. America which meant closer relations, easier spread of technology/communication
-Institions: Latin America was extractive due to high population/tropical disease/resources; N. America had less people(no slavery)
-Independence: US was result of long revolution and "Clean break" from loyalists; S. America was short, lots of loyalists, less break off.
-Traditions of colonists: English were democractic w/ entreupeneurial institutions; span was autocratic & authoritive.
-1st colonists: US was pilgrams/puritals seeking religious freedom and a new land to live(established 1st institution); S. America was conquerors, greedy/rich/warfare/men, not intended as colonization; Also UK had industrial revolution before Spain.
-East/West Frontier role- US moved east to west, every new region beyond reach of govt, people learned to self-govern(promote democracy), Latin America had heavy population already, no open frontiers or self help! |
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Term
| Solutions to S. American Poverty |
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Definition
-Costa Rica: abolish army to avoid coups
-Cuba: invest in higher education
-Trinidad: No oil/gas boom, invested money wisely in instutions/education |
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Term
| What were the domesticated animals? |
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Definition
-cow/sheep/pig/goats
-Donkey/horse
-Bacterin/Arabian camel
-Yak/Waterbuffalo
-Reindeer
-Banteng/Guar
-Llama |
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