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Japanese Though and Religion
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Accounting
Pre-School
03/16/2010

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Term
Jomon period
Definition
• 250 BC and earlier. Literally means rope pattern, because in this period they imprinted their pottery with rope.
• Stone age, no agriculture.
Term
Yayoi Period
Definition
• 250 BC-250 AD
• Clearly some disconnect or break, probably due to influx from mainland.
• Social Organization, agriculture, metals, Korean Influence.
Term
Kofun Period
Definition
• 250-600
• Burial mounds, lots of Shinto overtones
Term
Nara Period
Definition
• 710-84
• Popularization of Buddhism
• Nara became new capital
• Influx of Chinese technologies and ideas
Term
Heian Period
Definition
• 794-1185
• New Capital in modern day Kyoto.
• Rise of Saicho, Kukai, and Tendai Buddhism
Term
Shrine
Definition
• What the Kami inhabits
• Early ones simply trees/boulders wrapped in rope
• Most shrines now have obvious influence
Term
Shrine Shinto
Definition
• Revolves around the idea of shrines.
• All shrines have same concept: go there to praise kami, only priests can go into inner sanctum.
• Kami is an actual object, ppl often took amulets home (pieces of the kami)
Term
Domestic Shinto
Definition
• Began with the amulets taken home being praised, turned into it being a shrine.
• Houses would have small shrines, in the Kami’s room.
Term
Imperial Shinto
Definition
• The linkage of Shinto to the imperial household.
• Imperial House created these stories to legitimate their rule.
o Passing down of the imperial objects: mirror, sword, curved jewels.
Since Japan's defeat in WWII imperial shinto been overwhelmed by a more environmental religion.
Term
Isé Shrine
Definition
great shrine holding the sacred imperial mirror. Rebuilt about every decade, most sacred shrine in Japan.
Term
Scholastic Shinto
Definition
Later stage after great bodies of learning evolved in Japan.
Buddhism tied with scholastic breakthrough, so it also has strong ties to scholastic shinto.
Term
Sectarian Shinto
Definition
Doesn't appear until 1700's.
Seen as new Shinto cults, looked upon as impure by nationalist shinto.
New Kamis appear due to visionaries.
Term
Nakatomi
Definition
One of the three main clans near the end of the Kofun period.
Was anti-Buddhist, descendants of Kami.
Close ties to Ritualism.
Term
Emperor Yomei
Definition
First emperor to believe in Buddhism.
Still venerated Shinto, though.
His death offset a civil war between the clans.
Term
Shotoku Tiashi
Definition
Son of Emperor Yomei/prince.
Prayed to the four heavenly kings for the Soga clan (pro-buddhist), and then they won.
Term
Four Heavenly Kings
Definition
The gods that Shotoku Taishi prayed to during the clan civil war, that then helped him turn the tides of the war and win.
A shrine was then built to the four gods.
Term
Clan Temples
Definition
In 540 one of the clans claimed that Buddhism is causing weakness in Japan.
When Emperor Yomei dies: clan civil war erupts
Term
Empress Suiko
Definition
The ruler after the civil war
Ruled while Taishi was regent prince. However, she outlived Taishi.
Term
17 article constitution
Definition
Introduced Confucius concepts as a guideline in Japan, one of Shotoku Taishi's accomplishments.
Term
Nara
Definition
The new capital during the Nara period.
Laid out in a chinese manner.
Term
Protection of the State
Definition
During Nara period when both state and emperor adopted Buddhism, the state supported Buddhism and expected support in return.
Similar to U.S. gov supporting science today.
Term
Concrete Benefits in this world
Definition
With Nara Buddhism their was a belief that Buddhism could have concrete benefits in this life.
Term
Sogo Council
Definition
A council of powerful Buddhist monks to control ordination.
Term
Regulations for monks and nuns
Definition
Monks wern't allowed to set up Buddhist shrines in their homes.
Can't propagate Buddhism to the masses.
Couldn't retreat into mountains for spiritual training.
Term
Emperor Shomu
Definition
Ruled during the Nara Peirod.
Dedicated himself to the idea of a Buddhist State.
Term
Todaiji Temple
Definition
The temple with the Great Buddha within it.
A monumental accomplishment.
Began a trend of huge Buddhist art.
Taxed the material power of Japan.
Term
Hachiman
Definition
An oracle from Kami that informed authorities that the Kami would watch over/guard the Great Buddha within Todaigi Temple.
Term
Scholastic Buddhism
Definition
Different form of philosophy became popular, each with a temple devoted to it.
Sanron: No person has substance, no thing has identity.
Kegon: All things are contained in everything, all reality is an emanation of Buddha.
Ritsu: Complex study that focuses on the rules of those ordained.
Term
Gyoki
Definition
Ordained as novice priest
Withdrew before becoming fully ordained.
Went into mountains to practice.
Began traveling and teaching, was censured by gov., set up many little chapels, thought of as a Bodhisattva.
Term
Heian
Definition
The new capital during this period, modern day Kyoto, went until rise of samurai gov.
Term
Saicho
Definition
A venerable monk who practiced intensively on Mt. Hiei.
Was seen as a possible protector to the city of Hiei.
Full ordinated.
Practiced for 12 years straight.
LEctured upon the lotus sutra.
Founded Tendai Buddhism.
Traveled to China to learn.
Term
Tendai
Definition
Lotus Sutra
Emptiness
Provisionality
The middle way
3000 worlds in one thought
Term
Mt. Hiei
Definition
The mountain to the northeast of Hiei, was where Saicho practiced intensively.
Term
Clerical Precepts
Definition
Novice Precepts: continue training afterward, however would be constrained by these precepts.
Full Precepts: Long ceremony lasting hours, involves hundreds of vows. After, one is taught sutras and other powerful ceremonies.
Term
Lotus Sutra
Definition
A sutra that was what Tendai Buddhism was centrelled around.
Eternality of the Buddha.
Term
Emptiness, Provisionality, the Middle Way
Definition
Objects are devoid of substance
But you must act like it isn't.
The perfect balance between.
Term
Regulations for monks on Mt. Hiei
Definition
They are Boddhistva monks
Become monks not for self enlightenment but for the selfless goal of enlightenment of others.
Must train non-stop for 12 years
Afterwards they become: treasures, teachers or functionaries of the nation.
Term
Shingon
Definition
Mantra: chants, often sounding like sanskrit, so incomprehensible.
Founded by Kukai
Term
Kukai
Definition
Founder of Shingon
Beleived that esoteric teachings are more important than exoteric ones.
Immediate enlightenment beongs to the esoteric teachings.
One of the three greatest calligraphy artists.
One of the first great linguists.
Went to China to study
Underwent womb and crystal mandala ceremonies and both times had it land on Dainichi Buddha.
Unlike Saicho he doesn't really reject traditional Japanese Buddhist tradition.
Term
Esoteric vs Exoteric
Definition
Esoteric is sacred and only taught to those worthy.
Exoteric ones are taught openly
Term
Toji Temple
Definition
A great temple devoted to Kukai, apparently still houses Kukai, frozen in meditation until the new Buddha arrives.
Term
Jujushinron
Definition
A txt Kukai wrote that covers the ten types of religious worls views one can have, each being greater than the next.
Term
Three types of Buddha
Definition
Manifest: physical, original Buddha
Miraculous: For example the Buddhas of the directions of the compass.
Dharma Body: The perfect pure essence of the buddha that completely transcends all words.
Term
Achieving Buddhahood in this body
Definition
Shingon Buddhism's great claim was that one can attain Buddhahoo in this life.
However it occurs in secretly transmitted rituals.
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