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he is a student
Kare wa gakuseidesu |
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he is not a student
Kare wa gakuseide wa arimasen |
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he was not nice
kare wa yokuna katta
formal? |
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ほんとにいそうがしね？
you are really busy! |
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Yūshoku-go jūbunde wanai motto hitsuyō mō ī
after dinner
not enough
i need more
that's enough |
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のり
ride/ take
basuninoru
take a bus |
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1. ⾷べる- 「べ」is an e-vowel sound so it is a ru-verb
2. 分かる- 「か」is an a-vowel sound so it is an u-verb |
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All ru-verbs end in 「る
Otherwise,
if the preceding sound is an /i/ or /e/ vowel sound, it will be a ru-verb in most cases.
u-verbs can end in a number of u-vowel sounds including 「る」if the
vowel sound preceding the 「る」is an /a/, /u/ or /o/ vowel sound, it will always be an u-verb. |
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Examples of different verb types
ru-verb u-verb exception
⾒る話すする
⾷べる聞く来る
寝る泳ぐ
起きる遊ぶ
考える待つ
教える飲む
出る買う
いるある
着る死ぬ |
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If you're unsure which category a verb falls in, you can verify which kind it is with most dictionaries. There
are only two exception verbs that are neither ru-verbs nor u-verbs as shown in the table below. |
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| existence of inanimate objects |
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| people/animals = animate objects |
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う verbs are replaced with わ
かう 買う
買わない |
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matsu wait
matanai not wait |
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ru-verb u-verb exception
⾒る→ ⾒ない話す→ 話さないする→ しない
⾷べる→ ⾷べない聞く→ 聞かないくる→ こない
寝る→ 寝ない泳ぐ→ 泳がない＊ある→ ない
起きる→ 起きない遊ぶ→ 遊ばない
考える→ 考えない待つ→ 待たない
教える→ 教えない飲む→ 飲まない
出る→ 出ない＊買う→ 買わない
着る→ 着ない帰る→ 帰らない
いる→ いない死ぬ→ 死なない |
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For all other u-verbs: Replace the u-vowel sound with the a-vowel equivalent た
and attach 「な
い」
Example: 待つ+ た= 待たない |
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exception
する→ しない
くる→ こない
＊ある→ ない |
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shinai do /do not
konai come/not come
nai meet/ not meet |
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| sensei wa nihongo o grammar wa muzukashi to ii mashita |
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grammar is difficult for foreigners
to iimashita,,, said. |
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