Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Japanese Grammar In Action
中級文法
39
Language - Japanese
Undergraduate 4
10/28/2011

Additional Language - Japanese Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
~として
Definition

As ~

 

タイは仏教の国として知られている。

Thailand is known as a Buddhist country.

Term
~と違(ちが)って
Definition

Unlike ~

 

冬は、夏と違って日が短いから、5時ごろにはもう暗くなる。

In winter, unlike in summer, it gets dark around 5pm as a day is short.

Term
~から~にかけて
Definition

Throughout

 

Usually a time or place.

Usually referring to an overall period or region

 

四月から五月にかけてさくらの花がさく。

Throughout from April to May, Cherry blossoms.

 

Less clear or definite than まで

Term
~によって
Definition

Depending on ~

 

によって考え方がいろいろだ。

Opinions vary from person to person.

Term
~につれて
Definition

As something happens, something else does as well - usually a change

 

Formal and Writing - Not Speaking

 

Term
~に対して
Definition

towards ~

 

Usually describing an attitude or reaction

 

店員はお客に対してていねいな態度をとらなければならない。

Shopkeepers must have polite attitudes toward customers.

Term
~に基(もと)づいて
Definition

Based on ~

 

Implies truthfully based on

 

この小説は事実に基づいて、書かれたものである。 

This novel was written based on a true story.

Term
~に関(かん)して
Definition

Regarding, concerning, about ~

 

この問題に関して何か意見がありますか。

Do you have any comments regarding this matter?

Term
~に代(か)わって
Definition

In place of, instead of, replacing ~

 

Implies the usual/original is being replaced.

 

若い人たちの間では手紙に代わって、電話がよく使われている。  

Among young people, telephone calls are often used replacing letters.

Term
~に応(おう)じて
Definition

In response to ~

 

The first part is decided, and therefore the second part.

 

クラスの人数に応じて、使う教室を決めた。  

According to (in response to) the number of students, we decided which classroom to use.

Term
~A~なければ~B~ない
Definition

If you don't ~A~, then you won't ~B~

 

Unless you do that, something bad will happen

 

期末試験で50%以上取らなければ合格できない

I cannot pass if I don’t get more than 50% in the final exam.

Term
~なくてはならない
Definition

Must, it's necessary to ~

 

辞書は外国語の勉強になくてはならないものだ。

A dictionary is a necessity for the study of a foreign language.

 

なくては = なきゃ、なくちゃ

Term
~てならない
Definition

Can't help but ~

 

~ is a feeling, emotion or desire that you can't control

usually an adjecive

 

熱が出るのだろうか。寒くてならない

Am I getting a fever? I’m cannot help but feel cold.

 

Formal Writing - Informal Spoken = ~てしょうがない

Term
~のではないか
Definition

Might ~

 

終電に間に合わないのではないかと思った。

I thought I might miss the last train.

Term
~訳(わけ)ではない
Definition

Doesn't mean that ~

 

彼の提案に反対しなかったけれど、賛成したわけではない

I did not oppose to his suggestion, but it doesn’t mean that I supported it. 

Term
~訳(わけ)にはいかない
Definition

There's no reason to ~ OR Doesn't mean that ~

 

今日の会議はすっぽかすわけにはいかない

There is no reason for skipping today’s meeting.

Term
~訳(わけ)がない
Definition

There's no way that ~

 

このような状態(じょうたい)でうまくいくわけがない

There is no way that things go well in this situation.

Term
~はずがない
Definition

Can't possibly be ~

 

彼女が10時過ぎまで働いているはずがない

She can’t possibly be working till after 10pm.

Term
~ことはめずらしくない
Definition

~ is not uncommon

 

この地方では湿度(しつど)が90%以上になることはめずらしくない

It is not uncommon that the humidity goes up to 90% or over in this region.

Term
~にすぎない
Definition

Only, nothing more than ~

 

emphasising the level is really low or unimportant

 

今の仕事は理想の仕事への第一歩にすぎない

The current job is only the first step to an ideal job.

Term
~とは限(かぎ)らない
Definition

Not always, not necessarily ~

 

implies exceptions to the statement exist

 

高いから質がいいとは限らない

Expensive is not always good quality.

Term
~ほかない
Definition

All we can do is ~, Can't do anything but ~

 

Strong sense of giving up. Implies writer knows it isn't the best option but accepts that they have to do it.

 

これ以上悪化(あっか)しないように望むほかない

All we can do is to hope that it won’t get worse than this.

 

WRITING ONLY - Speaking is ~しかない

Term
~にほかならない
Definition

Only because, nothing other than

 

Very definite, finality of opinion

 

やる気が起こらないのは体調がわるいからにほかならない

That you don’t get motivated is purely because your physical condition is bad.

 

WRITING - too formal for speaking

Term
(plain)~ように、~
Definition

As/like

 

preliminary remark then explanation

 

何度も言っているように、使ったら元の場所に戻してください。

As I’m repeatedly telling you, please return it to its original place after use.

Term
(plain)~ように思える
Definition

it seems to me that ~

 

Implies impression about.

A personal oppinion - but making it indirect.

 

彼女のスピーチは長かったがあまり中身がなかったように思える

Her speech was long, but it seems to me that it had little content.

 

WRITING ONLY - Speaking uses 見たい、と思う、きがする

Term
(stem)~そうもない~
Definition

~ is unlikely

 

ありそうもない出来事(できごと)が次々に起こった。

Unlikely incidents happened one after another.

 

に、も、にも - all these particles are okay and the same meaning

 
Term
~はずの~
Definition

Supposed to be, expected

 

Usually out of the speaker's control. Usually doesn't happen and expression of regret or disbelief.

 

楽しいはずのデートが、口喧嘩(くちげんか)のせいで楽しくなくなった。

The supposed-to-be fun date became no fun because of the argument.

Term
(volitional)~としない
Definition

No intention to do ~, don't even think about ~

 

Implies somebody else doesn't do something they're expected to do, or a refusal to do something they're expected to do.

 

お年寄りが立っているのに誰も席をゆずろうとしない

Although an old woman was standing, no one offered a seat (no intention).

Term
(volitional)~として
Definition

intention of doing ~

 

while trying to do, or just when about to do something

 

走って乗ろうとして閉まるドアにはさまれた。

While boading on the train (intention of boarding), I was caught by the closing doors.

Term
A ば A ほど B
Definition

The more you A, the more you B

 

degree or amount

 

これはかめかむほど味が出る。

The more you chew, the more taste there is.

Term
~ところ[へ・に]~
Definition

Just when ~

 

An interruption

 

シャワーに入ったところへ電話がかかってきた。

The phone rang (just) when I got in the shower.

Term
~たところ~
Definition

when

 

Same usage as したら、した結果(けっか)

Can't have the speakers intention in S2.

 

今回のテスト結果と前回の結果を比べたところずいぶん上達していることがわかった。

When we compared the results of this test with those of the last test, it was found that (something) has improved.

 

WRITING ONLY

Term

~と言われる

~と言われている

Definition

It is said

 

WRITING

Term

~と思われる

~と思われている

Definition

It is thought

 

A little more instinctive, based on intuition

 

WRITING

Term

~と考えられる

~と考えられている

Definition

It is considered

 

objective, logical, analysis

 

WRITING

Term

~と見られる

~と見られている

Definition

reflects somebody's view/opinion

 

WRITING

Term
~ないほどではない
Definition

Not so much that ~, not to the extent that ~

 

かなり暑いが寝られないほどではない

It is very hot, but not so bad as I cannot sleep.

Term
~てはならない
Definition

Must not, should not ~

 

ひとを見かけで判断してはならない

You should not judge people by their appearances.

Term
~うちに
Definition
While
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