Shared Flashcard Set

Details

JAMIE WILSON
N/A
69
Accounting
Undergraduate 1
10/01/2012

Additional Accounting Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
1.1 What ideas about development were proposed by early philosophers and scientists?
Definition
the philosophical concepts of original sin, innate goodness, and blank slate have influenced ideas about human development
Term
1.1 Darwin studied
Definition
child development to gain insight into evolution
Term
1.1 G. Stanley Hall published the first
Definition
scientific study of children based on norms
Term
1.2 Plasticity
Definition
individuals of all ages posses the capacity for positive change in response to environmental demands
Term
1.2 What is the Lifespan Perspective 3 notions
Definition
notion that plasticity exists throughout the lifespan, that information from a variety of disciplines is needed to understand development, and development occurs in multiple contexts
Term
1.3 What 3 major domains and 8 periods do developmental scientists use to organize their discussions of the human lifespan
Definition
DOMAINS: 1. physical
2. cognitive
3. social

PERIODS:
1. prenatal
2. infancy
3. early childhood
4. middle childhood
5. adolescence
6. early adulthood
7. middle adulthood
8. late adulthood
Term
1.4 How do developmentalists view the two sides of nature vs nurture
Definition
they hace debated it but now believe that every developmental change is a product of both
Term
1.5 continuity vs discontinuity debate
Definition
whether change is a matter of amount or degree (continuity) or matter of type or kind (discontinuity)
Term
1.6 3 types of age-related change
Definition
1. normative age-graded change
2. normative history-graded change
3. nonnormative change
Term
1.6 How do the 3 kinds of age-related change differ
Definition
1. normative age-graded are experienced by all human beings
2. normative history-graded change are common to individuals who have similar cultural and historical experiences
3. nonnormative changes have 2 factors
- genetic factors
-timing of experiences
Term
1.7 how does consideration of the contexts in when change occurs improve scientists understanding of human development
Definition
contexts of development include individual variables and settings in which development occurs. individual traits and contexts interact in complex ways to influence development
Term
1.8 what are the 4 goals of scientists who study human development
Definition
developmental psychologists use scientific methods to describe, explain, predict, and influence age related changes and individual differences
Term
1.9 what descriptive methods are used by developmental scientists
Definition
-correlation studies measure relationships between variable
-case study and naturalistic observations but usually arent generalized
Term
1.10 what is the primary advantage of the experimental method? and why is it necessary
Definition
- to test casual hypotheses
- necessary to use in which participants are randomly assigned to experiments or control groups
Term
1.11 how do cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential research designs differ
Definition
-cross-sectional: separate age groups are tested once
-longitudinal: same individuals are tested repeatedly overtime
-sequential: combines both
Term
1.12 why is cross-cultural research important to the study of human development
Definition
helps developmentalists identify universal factors and cultural variables that affect development
Term
1.13 what are 5 ethical standards that developmental researchers must follow
Definition
1. protection from harm
2. informed consent
3. confidentiality
4. knowledge of results
5. protection from description
Term
2.1 what are the 4 main ideas of freud's psychosexual theory
Definition
1. behavior is governed by conscious and unconscious motives
2. personality develops in steps
3. id is at birth
4. ego and superego develop in childhood
Term
2.1 Freud's 5 psychosexual stages and outcomes
Definition
1. oral: smoking and overeating
2. anal: disorganization
3. phallic: vanity
*4. latency: none
5. genital: mature sexuality
Term
2.2 what is the conflict associated with each of Erikson's 8 psychosocial stages
Definition
1. trust vs mistrust: hope
2. autonomy vs shame and doubt: will
3. initiative vs guilt: purpose
4. industry vs inferiority: competence
5. identity vs role confusion: fidelity
6. intimacy vs isolation: love
7.generativity vs stagnation: care
8.integrity vs despair: wisdom
Term
2.4 how does Watson condition Little Albert to fear white, furry things
Definition
classical conditioning- learning through association of stimuli
Term
2.5 how does operant conditioning occur
Definition
learning to repeat or stop behavior because of their consequences
Term
2.7 how doe the learning theories explain development
Definition
they provide useful explanations of how behaviors are acquired but fall short of a comprehensive picture of human development
Term
2.8 how does cognitive development progress according to Piaget
Definition
-logical thinking
-such thinking develops across 4 childhood and adolescent stages
-movement from one step to another is result of changes in mental framework called schemes
Term
2.8 4 childhood and adolescent stages
Definition
1. sensorimotor
2. pre operational
3. concrete operational
4. formal operational
Term
2.9 how did Vygotsky use the concepts of scaffolding and the zone of proximal development to explain cognitive development
Definition
his sociocultural theory has become important to developmentalists attempt to explain how culture affects development
Term
2.10 How does information-processing theory explain the findings of developmental psychologists such as Piaget and Vygotsky
Definition
-Information-processing theory use the computer as a model to explain intellectual processes such as memory and problem solving
-it suggests that there are both age differences and individual differences in the efficiency with which humans use their information-processing systems
Term
2.12 How do behavior geneticists explain individual differences
Definition
they study the influence of heredity on individual differences and the ways in which individual's genes influence their environments
Term
2.13 what kinds of behaviors are of interest to ethologists and sociobiologists
Definition
-ethologists study genetically determined traits and behaviors that help animals adapt to their environments
- sociobiologists emphasize the genetic basis of behaviors that promote the development and maintenance of social organizations in both animals and humans
Term
2.14 what is the main idea of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory
Definition
his theory has helped developmental psychologists categorize environmental factors and think about the ways in which they influence individuals
Term
2.15 What assumptions do the three families of theories make about development
Definition
in 3 questions:
1. are individuals active or passive in their own development?
2. how do nature and nurture interact to produce development?
3. does development happen continuously or in stages?
Term
2.17 What is eclecticism
Definition
developmentalists who take an eclectic approach use theories deprived from all the major families as well as those of many disciplines to explain and study human development
Term
3.1 what are the characteristics of the zygote
Definition
at conception, the 23 chromosomes from the sperm join with the 23 chromosomes from the ovum to make a set of 46 that will be reproduced in each cell of the new individual
Term
3.2 in what ways do genes influence development
Definition
genetics distinguish between genotype and phenotype.
Term
3.2 how are genes transmitted
Definition
genes are transmitted from parents to children according to complex rules that include the dominant-recessive pattern and multifactorial inheritance
Term
3.5 what are the characteristics of each trimester of pregnancy
Definition
first trimester: women experiences morning sickness, breast enlargement, and fatigue
second trimester: abdomen enlarges , feels fetal movement, increase in appetite
third trimester: gains weight and may experience breast discharge
Term
3.6 what are the three prenatal stages
Definition
1. germinal
2. embryonic
3. fetal
Term
3.6 what happens in each stage of prenatal development
Definition
germinal: zygote travels down fallopian tube to the uterus and implants itself in the uterine wall
embryonic: organogenesis occurs
fetal: fetus grows larger and structure and function of various organs is refined
Term
3.9 how do teratogens affect prenatal development
Definition
they exert greater effects on development during critical periods when specific organ systems are developing
Term
3.10 what are the potential adverse effects of tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs on prenatal development
Definition
have harmful effects on the developing fetus, often resulting in lower birth weights and learning and behavior difficulties
Term
3.11 what risks are associated with teratogenic maternal diseases
Definition
some diseases contracted by the mother may cause abnormalities or diseases in the child
Term
3.12 what other maternal factors influence prenatal development
Definition
-poor nutrition: fetus faces increased risks of stillbirth, low birth weight, and death in first year of life
-older mothers/very young mothers, long-term severe depression or chronic physical sickness
Term
3.15 what are the three stages of labor
Definition
dilation and effacement, delivery, and placental delivery
Term
3.16 what do physicians learn about a newborn from the Apgar and Brazelton scales
Definition
Apgar scale is used to assess a neonate's health immediately after birth and Brazelton scale is to track a newborn's development over the first 2 weeks of life
Term
3.17 which infants are categorized as low birth weight and what risks are associated with this
Definition
neonates that weigh less than 2,500 grams have low birth weight. the lowering the weight the greater the risk of significant lasting problems
Term
4.1 what important changes in the brain take place during infancy
Definition
-changes in nervous system are extremely rapid in the first 2 years
-development of dendrites and synapses reach its first peak between 12 and 24 months
-myelinization of nerve fibers also occurs rapidly in the first 2 years
Term
4.2 how do infants' reflexes and behavioral states change
Definition
-adaptive reflexes include essential reflexes such as sucking -primitive reflexes include the Moro (startle) reflex and Babinski reflex which disappear in a few months
-neonates move through a series of states on consciousness in a cycle that lasts about 2 hours
Term
4.3 how do infants bodies change, and what is the typical pattern of motor skill development in the first 2 years

4 changes
Definition
-infancy, bones increase in number and density
-muscle fibers become larger and contain less water
-stamina improves as lungs and heart grows stronger
- motor skills move rapidly
Term
4.4 what are nutritional needs of infants
Definition
breastfeeding has been shown to be better for a baby nutritionally than a bottle
Term
4.6 what are infants health care and immunization needs
Definition
-babies need a regular check up and a variety of immunizations
-prompt treatment of respiratory infections are also crucial
Term
4.7 what have researchers learned about sudden infant death syndrome
Definition
SIDS is the most common cause of death between 1 month and 1 year of age in the US
Term
4.9 how do infants visual abilities change across the first month of life
Definition
color vision is present at birth but visual acuity and visual tracking skills are relatively poor at birth and develop rapidly during the first few months
Term
4.10 how do infants senses of hearing, smell, taste, touch, and motion compare to those of older children and adults
Definition
basic auditory skills are more fully developed at birth; acuity is good for the range of the human voice, and the newborn can locate at least the approximate direction of sounds. The sensory capacities for smelling, tasting, and senses of touch and motion are also well developed at birth
Term
4.12 how do depth perception and patterns of looking change over the first two years
Definition
-depth perception is present by 3 months
- babies initially use kinetic cues, then binocular cues, and finally pictorial cues by about 5 to 7 months
Term
4.13 how do infants perceive human speech, recognize voices, and recognize sound patterns other than speech
Definition
-from the beginning babies appear to attend to and discriminate among speech contrasts present in all possible languages
- by year 1 the infant makes fine discrimination only among speech and sounds salient in the language he is actually hearing
-
Term
4.14 what is intermodal perception
Definition
studies show that infants can learn something via one sense and transfer it to another sense
Term
5.1 what are milestones of Piaget's sensorimotor stage
Definition
primary, secondary, and tertiary circular reactions as well as object permanence, means-end behavior, and deferred imitation
Term
5.2 what are some challenges offered to Piaget's explanation of infant cognitive development
Definition
piaget underestimated infants' capabilities, as well as the degree to which some concepts may be wired into the brain
Term
5.3 what does research tell us about infants understanding of objects
Definition
Spelke and Baillargeon's research shows that Piaget underestimated how much younger infants know about objects and their movements
Term
5.4 what kinds of learning are infants capable of
Definition
-first few weeks: learn through classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observing models
-by 14 months, recognize difference between successful and unsuccessful modeled behaviors
Term
5.5 how does categorical understanding change over the first 2 years
Definition
-from early age infants use categories to organize information
- sophistication and understanding increases over first two years
Term
5.6 how does memory function in the first 2 years
Definition
3 and 4 moth old infants show signs of remembering specific experiences over periods as long as a few days or week
Term
5.7 what are behaviorist, nativist, and interactionist explanations of language development
Definition
behaviorist: infants learn language through parental reinforcement of wordlike sound and correct grammar
nativist: innate language processor helps them learn language rules
interactionist: language development is a subprocess of cognitive development
Term
5.8 what are 3 environmental influences on language development
Definition
1. high-pitch infant-directed speech
2. amount of verbal interaction
3. poverty
Term
5.9 how do infants sound, gestures, and understanding of words change in the early months of life
Definition
-earliest sound are cries
-2 months: cooing
-6 months: babbling
- 9 months: meaningful gestures and can understand a small vocabulary of words spoken
Term
5.10 what are characteristics of toddlers first words
Definition
-usually names for objects or people
-typically around 1 year
Term
5.12 what kinds of individual differences are evident in language development
Definition
-rate of language
-expressive style or referential style
Term
5.13 how does language development vary across cultures
Definition
early word learning seems to follow similar patterns in all cultures except word order depends on which language he is learning
Term
5.14 how is intelligence measured in infancy
Definition
infant intelligence tests are not strongly related to later measures of intelligence. measure of basic information processing skills in infancy like rate of habituation at 4 months, may be better correlated with later intelligence-test scores
Supporting users have an ad free experience!