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James Dean
Medical Terminology
20
Medical
Not Applicable
11/22/2019

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Term
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Definition
A nucleic acid that carries the genetic information in cells and some viruses, consisting of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine
Term
amino acids
Definition
Any of various compounds containing an amino group (NH2), a carboxylic acid group (COOH), and a distinctive side chain, especially any of the 20 amino acids that link together to form proteins.
Term
mitosis
Definition
The process where a single cell divides resulting in generally two identical cells, each containing the same number of chromosomes and genetic content as that of the original cell.
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
is the protoplasm that exists outside the cell's nucleus. It is primarily composed of water.
Term
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Definition
A nucleic acid that is frequently single-stranded and folded onto itself, and composed of repeating nucleotide units of ribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
are tiny, rod-shaped bodies that under a microscope appear to be long, threadlike structures that become visible only in dividing cells.
Term
Meiosis
Definition
A form of cell division happening in sexually reproducing organisms by which two consecutive nuclear divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II) occur without the chromosomal replication in between, leading to the production of four haploid gametes (sex cells), each containing one of every pair of homologous chromosomes (that is, with the maternal and paternal chromosomes being distributed randomly between the cells).
Term
mitochondria
Definition
A spherical or rod-shaped organelle with its own genome, and is responsible for the generation of most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate through the process of cellular respiration.
Term
osmosis
Definition
Diffusion of a solvent (usually water molecules) through a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
Term
protein synthesis
Definition
The creation of proteins by cells that uses DNA, RNA and various enzymes.
Term
apoptosis
Definition
A programmed cell death involving an ordered sequence of biochemical events that result in cell changes.
Term
cell survival curve
Definition
A classic method of displaying the sensitivity of a particular type of cell to radiation.
Term
law of BergoniƩ and Tribondeau
Definition
Radiosensitivity is based on the metabolic state of the tissue being irradiated.
Term
linear energy transfer (LET)
Definition
A measure of the rate at which energy is transferred from ionizing radiation to soft tissue.
Term
direct action
Definition
biologic damage occurs as a result of ionization of atoms on essential molecules produced by straight interaction with the incident radiation.
Term
Indirect action
Definition
is always a multistage process that first involves the production of free radicals that are created by the interaction of the radiation with water (H2O) molecules.
Term
mutation
Definition
the loss or change of a base in the DNA chain represents.
Term
The oxygen enhancement ratio (OER)
Definition
the enhancement of therapeutic or detrimental effect of ionizing radiation due to the presence of oxygen.
Term
wave-particle duality
Definition
is the concept in quantum mechanics that every particle or quantum entity may be described as either a particle or a wave.
Term
radiation weighting factor (WR)
Definition
calculate the equivalent dose (EqD) to determine the ability of a dose of any kind of ionizing radiation to cause biologic damage.
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