Term
| tv had become a mass medium by when? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| originally there was a single corporate sponsor for a TV show. T/F |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| did any scripted radio shows make the leap to television? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why did TV executive decide to break away from the single-sponsor model during early television history? |
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Definition
| companies were exerting too much influence over the content of programming |
|
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Term
| how did television network break up single sponsorship of programming? |
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Definition
a.Doubled the normal length of programming from the radio days from 15 minutes to 30 minutes.
b. Created a daily magazine format instead of relying on a weekly schedule
Produced one-time or annual television spectaculars, such as “Peter Pan.” |
|
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Term
| Why are reality television shows especially popular? |
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Definition
a. They are comparatively cheap to produce.
b They involve a lot of interaction with products. |
|
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Term
| How did “Star Trek” reflect society? |
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Definition
i.racial divisions
ii. Challenges with international relations through allegories |
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Term
| How did “Star Trek” influence society? |
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Definition
a.It modeled racial and ethnic equality through its racially and ethnically diverse crew at a time when there were few non-white or foreign roles in American TV dramas.
It featured the first interracial TV kiss in the U.S.
c.The first space shuttle is called Enterprise
(the name of the “Star Trek” ship).
It inspired people to pursue careers as astronauts |
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Term
| Who convinced Nichelle Nichols to remain on “Star Trek” when she was considering other opportunities? |
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Definition
| Martin Luther King (when he saw her at a civil rights protest) |
|
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Term
| Why was the television show “Dallas” significant? |
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Definition
a.The Romanian government aired the show as an example of the excessiveness of capitalism and the corruption that accompanies an American lifestyle.
The strategy of airing the show backfired because it was a source of inspiration to the public who thought they also deserved an opulent lifestyle. |
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Term
| What are two potential benefits of American cultural imperialism? |
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Definition
a.A universal popular culture creates a global village and can foster communication across national borders.
Aspects of our culture challenge authority and outmoded traditions, which can create an arena in which citizens of other countries can ask questions. |
|
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Term
| What are two drawbacks of American cultural imperialism? |
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Definition
a.American cultural imperialism hampers the development of native cultures and can negatively influence teenagers, who abandon their own rituals to adopt American tastes.
b.American cultural imperialism discourages the development of original local products. |
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Term
| Which medium usually depends on foreign circulation to generate profit (movies or television)? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is one reason for American cultural imperialism through television shows? |
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Definition
| a.American TV shows usually make their money back from U.S. audiences alone. That means they can undercut local programs in other countries by selling shows at bargain prices. |
|
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Term
| What is an “event” in the big data world? |
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Definition
a.Actions that can be logged, recorded and analyzed.
b.Netflix examples: What you watch, how you rate it, c.rewinding, fast-forwarding, and abandoning a show |
|
|
Term
| what is an example we discussed in class of how Netflix used event data? |
|
Definition
| The US version of "house of cards" |
|
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Term
| Internet cafés in south Korea |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do so many people play online games in South Korea? |
|
Definition
a.Lack of many alternative leisure activities that are affordable due to the confined space and dense population.
b.High-speed Internet service (the fastest in the world) |
|
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Term
| When people play video games in South Korea, do they usually do this in solitude, or do they go to hang out with friends? |
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Definition
| Korean gaming culture is based on social interaction with people – they play together in person |
|
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Term
| Does playing video games have a generally positive or negative perception in mainstream culture in South Korea? |
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Definition
| It has a generally negative perception from society due to game addiction. |
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Term
| What is interactive advertising? Be prepared to identify examples. |
|
Definition
a.An advertising product that is influenced by producers and consumers.
b.Examples from class:
i.House of Cards face swap on Snapchat
ii. Daredevil billboards in which social media mentions of a favorite character would result in attacks on the other characters (visually on the billboards)
iii. Under Armour’s ad in which Gisele Bündchen trains and the social media dialogue about her on the ad is projected on the walls where she is working out |
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|
Term
| What is another advertising strategy we discussed in class? Be prepared to identify examples. |
|
Definition
a.The “surprise and delight” strategy
b.The example from class was the UPS “Driver for a Day” video |
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Term
| What are the three timeless narratives described in “Made to Stick”? Be prepared to identify examples. |
|
Definition
| the connection plot-sharing a coke with enemy and bonding, the challenge plot-The protagonist overcomes big obstacles to succeed (the David and Goliath story)., the creative plot |
|
|
Term
| What does the term “post-racial” mean? |
|
Definition
| This term is used to refer to a time period or society in which there is no longer any racial prejudice or discrimination. |
|
|
Term
| should advertisers ignore color, gender and sexual orientation when assessing advertisements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What representation questions should producers ask when evaluating advertising ideas? |
|
Definition
a.Are stereotypes being reinforced?
b. Are there historically based discrimination issues that might be reinforced by the advertising?
c.Is there diversity in the portrayals? |
|
|
Term
| Why do media channels glorify difficult beauty standards? |
|
Definition
| To attract advertising. The media sell audiences to advertisers. |
|
|
Term
| When does hegemony occur? |
|
Definition
| When society’s least powerful members adopt the values of the most powerful members. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Believing beauty standards to be natural, as opposed to seeing them as socially constructed. |
|
|
Term
| Are beauty standards natural and legitimate? |
|
Definition
| No, they have changed throughout time. The only consistency is that beauty standards are associated with whatever is most expensive to achieve. |
|
|
Term
| do most countries have a free press? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is some content on China's social networking site censored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Treat everyone with dignity and respect. Treat everyone consistently, including what you would want for yourself. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| We are interdependent people who need to help each other, especially people who we affect through our choices. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The greatest good for the greatest number. Maximize pleasure and minimize pain |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| It is moral to pursue your own interests. |
|
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Term
| Would publishing the cartoons be justified under any of the following ethical frameworks: categorical imperative, ethics of care, utilitarianism, or ethical egoism? |
|
Definition
a.Categorical imperative: No.
b.Ethics of care: No.
c.Utilitarianism: Debatable.
d.Ethical egoism: Yes. |
|
|
Term
| What are the criteria for libel? |
|
Definition
a.That the public statement was false
b.That damages or injury occurred (e.g., loss of job, humiliation, mental anguish)
c.That the publisher or broadcaster was negligent in failing to determine the truthfulness of the statement
d.Actual malice – the reporter or editor knew the statement was false and printed or broadcast it anyway (public figures only) |
|
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Term
| What was the outcome of Jerry Falwell’s libel suit against Hustler Magazine? |
|
Definition
a.The Campari ad was a parody, so it was not libel.
b. The Supreme Court ruled that public figures cannot avoid criticism through parodies by suing for emotional distress. Critics have strong First Amendment protections with regard to public figures. |
|
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Term
| What is a voluntary limited purpose public figure? |
|
Definition
“A person who voluntarily and prominently participates in a public controversy for the purpose of influencing its outcome”
– Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of Law. |
|
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Term
| How are voluntary limited purpose public figures treated in terms of libel cases? |
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Definition
| They are treated as public figures if the lawsuit falls into the context of what they became famous for. Therefore, the actual malice criterion applies. |
|
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Term
| Did George Zimmerman win his libel case against NBC for its editing of the 911 dispatch call and why or why not? |
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Definition
| No, because Zimmerman could not prove that NBC had actual malice toward him. |
|
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Term
| If you agree to be interviewed by the media about a topic, does that automatically make you a voluntary limited purpose public figure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Has significant progress been made in recent years with regard to diversity in the media industry? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the consequences of media convergence? |
|
Definition
a.A company can lower costs and maximize profits by bundling various media services (cable, phone, internet)
b.A reporter can write several versions of a news story for various media (radio, TV, internet)
c.The platforms for media content have merged (e.g., you can read a newspaper on your phone and watch TV on your computer) |
|
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Term
| To compensate for failed media products, studios prefer movies that have what profit-making features? |
|
Definition
a.Broad international appeal
b.Movie rentals and movie sales
c. Merchandise tie-ins |
|
|
Term
| Why was “Seventh Heaven” a notable example of media economics? |
|
Definition
| Writers were required to make Oreo cookies a focal part of some of the episodes. This goes beyond common product placement practices for a non-reality show. |
|
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Term
| According to Chomsky’s propaganda model, how do media economics shape news coverage? |
|
Definition
a.Profit orientation
b.Advertising is the primary source of income
c.Reliance on news from government and business sources
d.Flak |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Negative responses from important news sources that punish unfavorable media content by limiting access |
|
|
Term
| What is an information subsidy? |
|
Definition
| News from a public relations source. |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of alternative media? |
|
Definition
a.They focus on ideas, not profit.
b.The intended audience is broad and not elite.
c.They span the political spectrum (conservative and liberal) |
|
|
Term
| What do bloggers call themselves and why? |
|
Definition
| The fifth estate because they monitor journalists and raise standards |
|
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Term
| What are the ways in which citizen journalists economically threaten credentialed journalists? |
|
Definition
a.Rely on anonymous sources
b.Post news items immediately
c.Can keep a story alive longer than any newspaper
d.Don’t worry about paying staff or earning advertising revenue |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The media tend to create simple frames that portray political candidates in terms of one or two characteristics of their personality. What is emphasized or omitted in the news depends on whether it continues to build the case that has been established. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| In the patriot role, the desire to challenge the actions or question the motivations of those who lead decreases during a national crisis. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| In this role, the story shapes which facts are presented. Reporters do not necessarily fact check their sources. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| In this role, the media focus on predicting outcomes. Horse-race coverage that focuses on how candidates’ strategies will affect their campaigns is an example. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| This watchdog role involves correcting misleading and false statements, reducing confusion and punishing deception. |
|
|
Term
| From “The Press Effect,” which role takes the most time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a synecdoche? Be prepared to identify examples. |
|
Definition
a.A figure of speech that is used when part of something stands in for the whole.
b.Examples in class: Orangutans are a synechdoche for the environment that is affected by palm oil harvesting. Kit Kat was a synechdoche for all Nestle chocolate bars. |
|
|
Term
| Why are synecdoches used in public relations? |
|
Definition
a.Concrete images are more powerful than abstract references.
b. Synecdoches lend themselves to visual communication. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Streisand effect? |
|
Definition
| The attempt to hide or keep information off of the Internet has the unintended result of publicizing the information more widely. Generally speaking, you cannot take something off of the Internet. |
|
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Term
| What are tips from class about managing online activism? |
|
Definition
a.Establish a social media policy
b.Don’t delete or edit negative comments unless they are profane
c.Respond like a human rather than a corporate avatar
d.Listen and identify an appropriate response (e.g., explanation, apology, change in actions)
e.Invite audience involvement for advice and suggestions
Correct misinformation without being defensive |
|
|
Term
| Why is radical activism strategic? |
|
Definition
a.Pleases members through symbolic communication and media coverage, which raises awareness
b.Creates momentum for moderate advocates
c.Redefine the political spectrum, so moderate advocates are positioned as mainstream advocates
d.Discourage opponents’ supporters
Provoke overreactions that generate support |
|
|
Term
| What does the marketing function of an organization focus on? |
|
Definition
a. Product
b. Price
c. Place
d. Promotion |
|
|
Term
| What are three types of media that communications professionals are involved with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the public relations function do that the marketing function does not do? |
|
Definition
| Relationship management with any group of people who affect an organization’s success, as opposed to just focusing on customers |
|
|
Term
| What are the differences between advertising and public relations? |
|
Definition
a.Advertising is focused on customers; public relations is focused on not only customers but also any group of people who affect an organization’s success
b.Advertising traditionally involves promotion through paid media, whereas public relations traditionally involves promotion through earned media
c.Advertising is focused on sales; public relations contributes to sales but is also focused on guiding an organization’s decision making with regard to its relationships with its stakeholders. |
|
|
Term
| Name the concept: Favorable publicity gained entirely through promotional efforts rather than paid advertising. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to our class discussion, what is public relations? |
|
Definition
| “Public relations is the management function that establishes and maintains mutually beneficial relationships between an organization and the publics who can affect its success.” – Cutlip, Center & Broom. |
|
|
Term
| Do some researchers manipulate experiments and discount evidence that undermines their results? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What questions should reporters ask scientists when covering science stories? |
|
Definition
a.Does the researcher or expert receive funding that would create a conflict of interest?
b.What do other researchers believe?
c.What were the study’s limitations? |
|
|
Term
| What considerations are important when evaluating the quality of a study in the news that is based on a survey? |
|
Definition
a.Who commissioned the survey and are there obvious reasons for bias?
b.How good was the wording of the questions and answers?
c.How large was the sample?
i.1,000 people or more is a good number.
d.How were participants chosen?
They should be chosen randomly from the population the survey is generalizing to. |
|
|
Term
| Be prepared to critique reports of studies based on important information that is omitted. Also, be prepared to judge the credibility of studies. |
|
Definition
Example: We examined an article that did not reveal a sample size for a survey and did not have any sign of peer review (i.e., publication in a journal or at least presentation at a conference).
a. Make sure the report of the study does not claim more than what can be claimed by the methods used. Here are some reminders:
i. You can’t generalize from focus groups or interviews.
ii. You can only show cause and effect through experiments. Otherwise, you’re reporting on “perceptions” of cause and effect.
iii. Surveys are not generalizable about cause and effect. Surveys are generalizable about perceptions (i.e., the percentage of people who think UO is a good school) if you have a big enough sample size (1,000 is a good number), the participants were randomly sampled from a population that is reflective of who the study is generalizing to, the participation rate is high (at least 25%), and the wording of the questions is good. |
|
|
Term
| What is third-person effect? |
|
Definition
| a.A theory that explains that people tend to perceive the media as having a greater influence on others than it does on themselves. |
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