Term
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Definition
| the ability to ward off diseases through innate and adaptive immunity |
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Definition
| the lack of resistance to a disease |
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Definition
| host defenses that afford protection against any kind of pathogen |
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Definition
| the ability, obtained during the life of the individual, to produce specific antibodies and T cells |
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Term
| Toll-like receptors (TLRs) |
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Definition
| transmembrane proteins of immune cells that recognize pathogens and activate an immune response directed against those pathogens |
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Term
| pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) |
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Definition
| molecules present on pathogen and not self |
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Definition
| a small protein released from human cells that regulates the immune response; directly or indirectly may induce fever, pain, or T-cell proliferation |
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Definition
| inner portion of the skin |
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Term
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Definition
| outer portion of the skin |
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Definition
| a protein found in the hair, epidermis, and nails |
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Definition
| membranes that line body openings, including the intestinal tract, open to the exterior; also called mucosa |
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Definition
| body's largest organ in terms of surface area and weight and is extremely important component of the first line of defense |
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Definition
| a slightly viscous glycoprotein produced by goblet cells of a mucous membrane |
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Definition
| group of structures that manufactures and drains away tears |
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Definition
| produced by the salivary glands, helps dilute the numbers of microorganisms and wash them from both the surface of the teeth and the mucous membranes of the mouth; helps prevent colonization of microbes |
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Definition
| filter inhaled air and trap microorganisms, dust, and pollutants |
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Definition
| relatively short cellular projections from some eukaryotic cells, composed of nine pairs plus two microtubules |
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Definition
| ciliated mucosal cells of the lower respiratory tract that moved inhaled particulates away from the lungs |
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Definition
| covers the larynx during swallowing |
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Definition
| prevents microbial colonization of the GU tract |
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Definition
| move microorganisms out of the female body |
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Term
| peristalsis, defecating, vomiting |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| oily substance produced by sebaceous glands; prevents hair from drying and becoming brittle |
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Term
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Definition
| helps maintain body temp, eliminate certain wastes, and flush microorganisms from the surface of the skin |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme contained in perspiration; capable of breaking down cell walls of gram-positive bacteria and to a lesser extent, gram-negative bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| produced by glands of the stomach; mixture of hydrochloric acid, enzymes, and mucus; destroys most bacteria and toxins |
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Definition
1) glycogen produced by vaginal epithelial cells breaks down into lactic acid; creates an acid pH (3-5) that inhibits microbes
2) cervical mucus also has some antimicrobial activity |
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Term
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Definition
| microorganisms that colonize a host without causing disease; also called normal flora |
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Term
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Definition
| blood consists of fluids called plasma and formed elements |
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Term
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Definition
| white blood cells; 2 types: granulocytes and agranulocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| a leukocyte with visible granules in the cytoplasm; includes: neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils |
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Term
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Definition
| a highly phagocytic granulocyte; also called polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) or polymorph |
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Term
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Definition
| a granulocyte that readily takes up basic dye and is not phagocytic; has receptors for IgE Fc regions |
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Term
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Definition
| a granulocyte whose granules take up the stain eosin |
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Term
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Definition
| a leukocyte without visible granules in the cytoplasm; includes monocytes and lymphocytes, dendritic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| an agranulocyte that is a precursor of a macrophage |
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Term
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Definition
| a phagocytic cell; a mature monocyte |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of antigen-presenting cell characterized by long finger-like extensions; found in lymphatic tissues and skin |
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Term
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Definition
| a leukocyte involved in specific immune responses; includes natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells |
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Term
| natural killer (NK) cells |
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Definition
| a lymphoid cell that destroys tumor cells and virus-infected cells |
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Term
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Definition
| protein that makes a pore in a target cell membrane, released by T (sub C) cells |
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Term
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Definition
| destruction of cells resulting from damage to their cell membrane that causes cellular contents to leak out |
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Definition
| proteases that induce apoptosis (natural programmed death of a cell; residual fragments are disposed of by phagocytosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of lymphocyte, which develops from a stem cell processed in the thymus gland, that is responsible for cell-mediated immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of lymphocyte; differentiates into antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory cells |
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Term
| differential white blood cell count |
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Definition
| the number of each kind of leukocyte in a sample of 100 leukocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of a fluid called lymph, vessels called lymphatic vessels, a number of structures and organs containing lymphoid tissue, and red bone marrow(where stem cells develop into blood cells, including lymphocytes) |
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Definition
| the ingestion of a microorganism or other substances by a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell capable of engulfing and digesting particles that are harmful to the body |
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Term
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Definition
| resident in certain tissues and organs of the body; also called a histiocyte |
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Term
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Definition
| a phagocytic cell; a muture monocyte; can be fixed or free wandering |
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Term
| free wandering macrophage |
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Definition
| roam tissues and gather at sites of infection or inflammation |
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Term
| mononuclear phagocytic (reticuloendothelial) system |
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Definition
| a system of various macrophages located in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| the chemical attraction of phagocytes to microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
| the attachment of the phagocyte's plasma membrane to the surface of the microorganisms or other foreign material |
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Term
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Definition
| the enhancement of phagocytosis by coating microorganimss with serum proteins (opsonins); also known as immune adherence |
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Term
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Definition
| plasma membrane of the phagocyte extends projections that engulf the microorganism |
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Term
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Definition
| projections that extend from phagocytes and engulf microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
| pseudopods meet and fuse, forming the sac; phagocytic vesicle |
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Term
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Definition
| on contact phagosome and lysosome membranes fuse to form a single larger structure |
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Term
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Definition
| a local defensive response triggered by damage to the body's tissues; another component of the body's second line of defense |
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Term
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Definition
| serum proteins whose concentration changes by at least 25% during inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| dilation of blood vessels; increases blood flow to the damaged area and is responsible for the redness and heat associated with inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| permits defensive substances normally retained in the blood to pass through the walls of the blood vessels and enter the injured area |
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Definition
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Definition
| a chemical present in many cells in the body, esp. in mast cells, connective tissue, circ. basophils, and blood platelets; released in direct response to injury of cells that contain it |
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Term
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Definition
| cause vasodilation and increase permeability of blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| substances released by damaged cells; intensify the effects of histamine and kinins and help phagocytes move through the cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
| substances produced by mast cells and basophils; cause increased permeability of blood vessels and help attach phagocytes to pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by activated fixed macrophages; bring about vasodilation and increased permeability |
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Term
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Definition
| mixture of dead cells and body fluids, in a cavity formed by the breakdown of body tissues; localized |
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Term
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Definition
| focus of infection; commonly include pustules and boils |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which phagocytes stick to the lining of the blood vessel |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which phagocytes move out of blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| an abnormally high body temperature; third component of second line of defense; systemic or overall response |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by body's response, blood vessels constrict, rate of metabolism increases (all increase body temp) |
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Term
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Definition
| when body temp is falling (a phase) |
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Term
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Definition
| defensive system consisting of over 30 proteins produced by the liver and found circulating in the blood serum and within tissues troughout the body; not adaptable and does not change |
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Term
| membrane attack complex (MAC) |
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Definition
| complement proteins C5-C9, which together make lesions in cell membranes that lead to cell death |
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Term
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Definition
| the cascade of complement proteins that occurs during an infection; may occur in three pathways |
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Term
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Definition
| initiated when antibodies bind to antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| activated by contact between certain complement proteins and a pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
| when phagocytosis is used by macrophages, cytokines are released that stimulate the liver to produce lectins |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that bind to carbohydrates |
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Term
| mannose-binding lectin (MBL) |
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Definition
| a lectin that binds to carbohydrate mannose |
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Term
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Definition
| a class of similar antiviral proteins produced by certain animal cells, such as lymphocytes and macrophages, after viral stimulation |
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Term
| antiviral proteins (AVPs) |
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Definition
| proteins that are enzymes that disrupt various stages of viral multiplication |
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Term
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Definition
| function is to transport and store iron |
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Term
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Definition
| found in blood and tissue fluids; a human iron-binding protein that reduces iron available to a pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
| found in milk, saliva, and mucus; transports and stores iron |
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Term
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Definition
| located in liver, bone marrow, and spleen; stores and transports iron |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bacterial iron-binding protein |
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Term
| antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) |
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Definition
| an antibiotic that is bactericidal and has a broad spectrum of activity |
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