Term
|
Definition
| Vibrio, clostridium, bacillus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strep, staph, haemophilus, neisseria, pseudomonas, enteric bacteria, pathogenic anaerobic bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Intracellular bacteria pathogens |
|
Definition
| mycobacterium, listeria,legionella |
|
|
Term
| Atypical bacterial pathogens |
|
Definition
| spirochetes, mycoplasma, chlamydia, rickettsia |
|
|
Term
| Non-fermentative gram negative rods |
|
Definition
| pseudomonas, burkholderia, stenotrophomonas |
|
|
Term
| MacConkey agar, lactose (-), oxidase (+), green pigment, grow at 42 degrees, MDR, non-fermentative, G- rods, sweet odor, pyocyanin fluorescent pigments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most serious ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causes severe infections in immunocompromised, burn patients, patients w CF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Produces pyocyanin fluorescent pigments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Virulence factors of P. aeruginosa |
|
Definition
| hemolysin, proteases, elastases, exoenzymes S/T, toxins, alginate, pyoverdin, pyocyanin, flagellum, pilus |
|
|
Term
| Major mechanism of resistance of pseudomona |
|
Definition
| mutation of porin proteins |
|
|
Term
| Presentation of pseudomona in noncompromised hosts |
|
Definition
| Folliculitis, otitis externa, eye infections, endocarditis <-- (drug abusers), nosocomial infections (UTI, pneumonia, IV line sepsis) |
|
|
Term
| Presentation of pseudomona in diabetics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pseudomonas in severe neutropenic or burn victims |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pneumonia, mortality rate is 70% |
|
|
Term
| Pseudomonas (another systematic infection) |
|
Definition
| Ecythyma gangrenosum due to elastase production of pseudomonas, get hemorrhagic lesions |
|
|
Term
| Mechanism of pseudomonas infection in CF patients |
|
Definition
| attach to cells using pili and flagella movement, lose "O" side chain, pili, and UPREGULATE ALGINATE to form biofilm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neutrophil recruitment, they release elastase, also get congestion of parenchyma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combo treatment of pseudomonas-B lactam, and aminoglycosides |
|
|
Term
| Prevention of pseudomonas |
|
Definition
| sterile equipment and avoiding inappropriate broad spectrum antibiotics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Think nosocomial, 2nd most important IV catheter associated infection |
|
|
Term
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia |
|
Definition
| Opportunistic, like pseudomonas, nosocomial infections (pneumonia, bacteremia) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nosocomial, get soft tissue infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| G-, rods, grow fast, oxidase (-) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| O polysacharide of LPS, Ag on enterics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flagella antigens (shigella, kliebsiella, and yersinia have none --> nonmotile) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| identifies e. coli as having antigen O 157 and antigen H 7 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Endotoxin, part of LPS, activates complement and get leukocytosis and thrombocytopenia, shock/death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Specialized virulence factors of e. coli |
|
Definition
| Adhesins, exotoxins (shiga toxin, heat-stable or liable toxins, hemolysins) |
|
|
Term
| Leading G- cause of bacteremia and sepsis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leading cause of community acquired G- bacteremia |
|
Definition
| E. coli. (P. aeruginosa is 2nd) |
|
|
Term
| Leading cause of G- bacteremia in ICU |
|
Definition
| Enterobacter species (Klebsiella is 2nd, pseudomona = 3rd). |
|
|
Term
| Bacteremia and sepsis treatment |
|
Definition
| Treat w urgent empiric, broad antibiotics, then beta lactam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized adhesins via P pili, more virulent cause of UTI than other e. coli |
|
|
Term
| Blueberies and cranberries |
|
Definition
| release tannins that prevent adherence of e. coli to bladder and epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trimethoprim. This is a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| Neonatal meningitis - top cause |
|
Definition
| Group B strep = primary cause. (2nd is E. coli, 3rd is Listeria monocytogenes). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enterohemorrhagic e. coli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enteroaggregative e. coli |
|
|
Term
| Major cause of infant diarrhea in developing countries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EPEC - how it looks clinically |
|
Definition
| incubation of 2-6 days, acute onset of watery diarrhea that last 1-3 weeks! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| think EPEC. Intimin is an adhesin, binds Tir receptor protein. Get type3 secretion. End result is pedestal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most common EHEC serotype. |
|
|
Term
| Most common strain of e. coli in developed countries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| EHEC. feces-contaminated meat. Can also get EHEC from unpasteurized milk, fruit juice, and uncooked vegies/fruit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of EHEC, produces shiga toxin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of EHEC. produces verotoxin |
|
|
Term
| How EHEC looks clinically |
|
Definition
| Incubation 3-4 days. initially get watery diarrhea and abdominal pain/some vomitting. within 2 days, 50% of patients have bloody diarrhea w very bad pain (hemorrhagic colitis). Uncomplicated resolve in 1 week. |
|
|
Term
| Hemolytic uremic syndrome |
|
Definition
| From EHEC. Shiga toxin enters blood. get renal failure, anemia, thrombocytopenia. Very serious neuro problems. |
|
|
Term
| Leading cause of acute renal failure in children |
|
Definition
| Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) --> from EHEC. |
|
|
Term
| What to test for when patient has bloody diarrhea |
|
Definition
| O157:H7. This requires modified MacConkey agar with sorbitol. Do serology test for O157 antigen. Look for shiga toxin in stool sample under microscope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1-2 day incubation, diarrhea for 3-4 days. |
|
|
Term
| Incubation of 2-3 days, then watery diarrhea, then mucoid bloody stools/cramps/fever for 1-2 weeks |
|
Definition
| EIEC. This is rare in US and uncommon in developing countries too. |
|
|
Term
| Causes PERSISTANT watery diarrhea and dehydration (if chronic get growth retardation). Mainly in developing countries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Forms a green sheen on EMB (eosin methylene blue) agar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shigella found in industrial countries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shigella found in developing countries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most severe form of shigella |
|
Definition
| Shigella dysenteriae. Causes bacillary dysentery. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oral fecal route, raw vegies/salads/milk/dairy/meat (fecal contamination of water and dirty food handlers), breakouts in daycares. Deadly!! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Incubation 1-7days, SMALL VOLUME diarrhea, varying severity of GI issues...can be horrible or just mild pain/diarrhea. 10-15% fatal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluoroquinolones, guided by in vitro susceptibility test. |
|
|
Term
| Do not ferment lactose, produce H2S, motile |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Number of subtypes of salmonella |
|
Definition
| 6. But, salmonella enterica is subdivided into 2200 serotypes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Salmonella pathogenicity islands 1 and 2.
SPI 1 = injected in M CELLS. SPI 2 live in MACROPHAGE |
|
|
Term
| 3rd most common food poisoning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Think birds/poultry, eggs, dairy, contact with pets. |
|
|
Term
| Replicate in macrophages, spread from GI to other organs, STEPWISE fever/bacteremia in wk 1, 2nd week = abdominal pain and rash, 3rd week get GI bleeding and enlarged spleen/liver, peritinitis. Deadly problem in developing countries. Bug persists in gallbladder. |
|
Definition
| Typhoid fever. A type of salmonella found mostly and killing mostly developing countries. |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of typhoid fever |
|
Definition
Fluoroquinolones or chloramphenicol.
2 vaccines |
|
|
Term
| Mucoid appearance, nonmotile, ferment lactose, common in alcoholics w bad lungs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Expended spectrum betal lactamases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Causes nosocomial pneumonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Swarming motility and urease activity. Causes kidney stones and other UTI related nosocomial infections. |
|
|
Term
| Siderophilic, so you find this bacteria in hemochromatosis patients. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood transfusion related bacteremia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Urban Plague or Black Death |
|
Definition
| Yersinia pestis. carried in rats. Can cause major pandemic. Bioterrorism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Yersinia pestis. Found in squirrels, rabbits, rats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hallmark is swelling of lymph nodes (bubo). Yersinia pestis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secondary to bacteremia of bubonic plague (Yersinia pestis). Causes necrotic pneumonia (90% fatal) |
|
|
Term
| Diagnosing yersinia pestis |
|
Definition
Rapid diagnostic test - F1 antigen.
Bipolar staing. more like bi-winning. |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of yersinia pestis |
|
Definition
| Streptomycin or tetracycline. isolation. |
|
|
Term
| Non-motile, non-spore forming, G+, aerobic, filimentous |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drug target for mycobacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipid content of mycobacteria |
|
Definition
| 60%. makes it waxy and hydrophobic, and resistant to antibiotics. Membrane is LPS-like. Cannot be decolorized w acid! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
m. tuberculosis
m. leprae
m. avium-intracellulare |
|
|
Term
| Leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide |
|
Definition
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
|
|
Term
| 4 outcomes of TB inhalation |
|
Definition
1. immediate clearance
2. chronic/latent infection
3. rapid progression of disease (primary disease)
4. Active disease many years after infection --> most common worldwide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
survive in macros. cord factor prevents fusion of phagosome w lysosomes.
triggers Th1 response which is protective for infection. |
|
|
Term
| Trigger for TB infected macros to produce cytokines and chemokines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primary TB, when bacteria grow out of control and enter local draining lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| Lesion resulting from the expansion of a tubercle into the lung and lymph node (in TB infection) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effective immune response against TB |
|
Definition
| Cell mediated. If this response is weak, get caseation necrosis of lung. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Think TB. When don't have a strong enough cell mediated immune response to beat TB. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what disseminated miliary TB looks like. TB seeds spread to airways, liver and spleen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
associated w AIDS and immunosuppressive problems.
Persistant bacteria in host suddenly proliferate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chest x-ray, sputem sample (acid fast bacilli stain), TB skin test. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gradual onset
weight loss
fatigue, night sweats, productive cough, chest pain
Possibly cough up blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Positive for TB in immunosupressed, HIV, pts who've recently contacted TB cases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Positive for TB, with patients who recently arrived into country, children under 4, mycobacterium lab personnel, and prison/jail/nursing home facilities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Positive for TB in patients with no risk factors and the southeast regions of US |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multiple drugs (isoniazid, ethambutol, rifampin, pyrazinamide |
|
|
Term
| Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine |
|
Definition
| an attenuated strain of m. bovis (vaccine for TB) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Think mycobacterium leprae. Most common in Asia, India, and Africa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| got that there mycobacterium leprae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Elicit vigorous CMIR to mycobacterium leprae.
aka paucibacillary Hansen's disease
Hypopigmented skin macules, damage to nerves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Patients fail to elicit strong CMIR to mycobacterium leprae.
aka multibacillary Hansen's disease
Disfiguring skin lesions/nodules. Extensive tissue destruction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Paucibacillary: rifampin and dapsone for 6 months
Multibacillary: rifampin + dapsone + clofazimine for 2 years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mycobacteria other than TB
*M. avium or M. intracellulare
*Thnk AIDS |
|
|
Term
| Most common mycobacterial disease in US |
|
Definition
MAC (M. avium complex)
Think AIDS. Think soil, water, poultry. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clarithromycin and azithromycin |
|
|
Term
| G+, aerobic, filamentous, fragments, weakly acid fast, found in soil, acquired by inhalation or in cuts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary site of nocardial infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Presentation of nocardiosis |
|
Definition
| Present w brain, soft tissue damage, or cutaneous lesions w simultaneous or recent lung problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| G+, small rod, facultative anaerobe, motile. Found in poop, soil, birds, undercooked foods, and decaying vegies. Grows at 4-45 degrees. grows in high salt. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| macros and epithelial cells. it penetrates epithelium from enterocytes or M cells in peyer's. |
|
|
Term
| Listeria escapes phagolysosomes via: |
|
Definition
| Exotoxin (listerolysin O) and phospholipace C |
|
|
Term
| Presentation of listeria - healthy adult |
|
Definition
| flu-like w or without gastroenteritis |
|
|
Term
| Presentation of listeria - compromised pts or women |
|
Definition
| Meningitis, primary bacteremia |
|
|
Term
| Presentation of listeria - Neonates |
|
Definition
early onset (hrs), from placenta - abscesses and granulomas in multiple organs, high mortality rate
late onset (2 wks), from birth or environment - meningitis |
|
|
Term
| Treatment/prevention of listeria |
|
Definition
| Ampicillin. Avoid processed meats if in high-risk group |
|
|
Term
| G-, aerobe, stains poorly, requires Fe and Cys. Lives in amoebaes in nature. Found in cooling towers, and water systems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteria that cannot be passed person to person, rare, affects only high risk. replicates in macrophage and prevents phagolysosome fusion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Legionella. 95% of legionella cases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low rate, severe, multiple organs (GI, liver, CNS, kidneys), respiratory failure kills |
|
|
Term
| Diagnosing and treating legionella |
|
Definition
grows on CHARCOAL YEAST EXTRACT agar, urinary antigen test, fluorescent probes in sputum.
Treat w macrolides (clarithromycin and azithromycin) or treat w fluoroquinolones |
|
|
Term
| Small, obligate intracellular pathogen, G-, stain poorly due to low amts. of LPS and PEG, require direct contact or arthropod for transmission. |
|
Definition
| Rickettsia and related genera |
|
|
Term
| Grow within endothelial cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteria that is sometimes called virus |
|
Definition
| Rickettsia. They have unique method of transmission. lay eggs. passsed on from arthropod vector. |
|
|
Term
| Greatly increased vascular permeability, thrombogenesis, peripheral vascular collapse, and non-cardiogenic shock. |
|
Definition
| Indicate rickettsia may be possibility. |
|
|
Term
| Infection cycle: attachment, enter, phagocytosed, hemolysis of phagosome by PLA, released, multiply, accumulate along cell membrane, PLA digests cell membrane, lysis of cell |
|
Definition
| Infection of cell by rickettsia |
|
|
Term
| Most severe tick-borne rickettsial illness |
|
Definition
| Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever |
|
|
Term
| Rocky Mtn. Spotted Fever most prevalent in this region of US: |
|
Definition
| Southeastern states (NC, SC, AK, OK, Mizzou) |
|
|
Term
| Rocky Mtn. Spotted Fever presentation |
|
Definition
Non-specific: 2-12 days. Fever, severe headache, malaise, myalgia, nausea.
Specific: Rash. maculopapular. STARTS ON ANKLES, WRISTS, and FOREHEAD. May have neuro, coughing, or bleeding symptoms too. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Old test for Rocky Mtn. Spotted Fever |
|
|
Term
| Microimmunofluorescence (MIF) |
|
Definition
| Test for Rocky Mtn. Spotted Fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tetracycline or chloramphenicol |
|
|
Term
| Spread of rickettsia akari due to: |
|
Definition
| Mite bites. Usually in urban areas. Looks very similar to chickenpox. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spread through feces of human body lice. |
|
Definition
| Epidemic typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii) |
|
|
Term
| Rash starts on shoulders and upper back, then spreads to periphery. Macular initially, then maculopapular. Possibly becomes petechial or hemmorhagic. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Systemic signs of endemic typhus |
|
Definition
| Moist rales, cough, diarrhea, generalize edema, peripheral necrosis, renal failure, mental disorders. |
|
|
Term
| Main causes of death in typhus? |
|
Definition
| Tissue anoxia results in peripheral vascular collapse. Results in heart attack, ischemia, stroke, or intractable shock. |
|
|
Term
| Rickettsia typhus most common in this area of US: |
|
Definition
| Southwest. Due to rat flea or rat lice. |
|
|
Term
| Is there vaccine for typhus? |
|
Definition
Yes. Given to high risk populations.
Also, treatment for pts with typhus is tetracycline |
|
|
Term
| Obligate intracellular bacteria. G- rods, stain poorly. Live in host cell vacuoles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Similarity of eherlichiae to rickettsia.
Difference of the two? |
|
Definition
Vector born.
Ehrlichia remains in phagocytic vacuole after entry. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Causes Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (HME) |
|
|
Term
| Caused by lone star tick. Infects monocytes and one-nucleus phagocytes. |
|
Definition
| HME. Human monocytic ehrlichiosis |
|
|
Term
| Diagnosis and treatment of HME |
|
Definition
Sometimes diagnosed as "rashless" RMSF. Antibodies to ehrlichia. Inclusions in macros.
Treat w doxycycline. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis (HGE) |
|
|
Term
| Deer tick causes. Often co-infected w Borrelia burgdorferi. Infects neutrophils. 10% get rash. |
|
Definition
| Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis (HGE) |
|
|
Term
| Name this bacteria. Diagnosed by showing PMN's have inclusions. Detect antigen using IFA. Treat w doxycycline. |
|
Definition
| HGE. HME would be right, if they were mononucleated phagocytes instead of PMN's. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Farm animals are primary reservoir. Infections from tick bites, inhalation of airborne particles, or ingesting unpaseurized milk. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 variants of Coxiella burnetii |
|
Definition
1) Small cell - infectious, survive months
2) Large cell - multiple bacteria found in phagolysosome/monocytes/macros. |
|
|
Term
| Varient of Coxiella burnetii that replicates in respiration system |
|
Definition
| Large cell. They are found in monocytes/macros/phagolysosomes. |
|
|
Term
| Found in patients w underlying valvular heart problems or immunosupression. Causes subacute endocarditis. 65% untreated mortality rate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment for acute Q fever |
|
Definition
| doxycycline, respiratory isolation |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for chronic Q fever |
|
Definition
| Doxycycline and fluoroquinolones for extended length. |
|
|
Term
| No cell wall. Cholesterol in cell membrane of bacteria. Tiny (0.2 um), and grows slowly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Another term for atypical pneumonia. Mild (except for Legionaire's and SARS).
CANNOT BE TREATED W COMMON ANTIBIOTICS |
|
|
Term
| Leading cause of atypical pneumonia |
|
Definition
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Followed by chlamydophila pneumoniae (#2), and Legionella (#3). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Respiratory droplets. Common in summer/fall. Common in school-aged, military, and college students. |
|
|
Term
| Terminal protein attachmt factor (P1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of m. pneumonia |
|
Definition
*Attach to resp. epithelia via P1.
*H2O2 damages resp. cilia
*Many features of pathogenesis may be immune-mediated |
|
|
Term
| Treating atypical pneumonia empirically: |
|
Definition
| Azithromycin, clarithromycin or erythromycin |
|
|
Term
| This pneumonia bacteria is slow to grow. Also, PCR on throat swabs results in poor specificity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treating mycoplasma specifically |
|
Definition
| Doxycycline, erythromycin, or fluoroquinolones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can be caused by mycoplasma urethritis or ureaplasma urealyticum. |
|
|
Term
| Mycoplasma hominis causes what: |
|
Definition
| vaginits, cervicitis, pyelonephritis, PID, and postpartem fever |
|
|
Term
| Chlamydiae. Intra or extracellular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Elementary form = nonmultiplying but infective
*Reticulate bodies = intracellular, multiplying, not infectious |
|
|
Term
| Leading bacterial infection worldwide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| #1 cause of bacterial STDs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Trachoma, urethritis, inclusion conjunctivitis, neonatal pneumonia, lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) |
|
|
Term
| Trachoma, urethritis, inclusion conjunctivitis, neonatal pneumonia, lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) |
|
Definition
| Syndromes associated w chlamydia |
|
|
Term
| Serotype variants causing chlamydia trachomatis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causes NGU, often co-infected w N. gonorrhea, incubation time is 3-4 weeks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Men infected w c. trachomatis |
|
Definition
| epididymitis, groin pain, burning during urination |
|
|
Term
| women infected w c. trachomatis |
|
Definition
| vaginal discharge, lower abdomen pain, many asymptomatic, PID...which has many associated problems w pregnancy/birth/pain/death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aka chlamydial conjunctivitis |
|
|
Term
| Mucopurulent discharge in eyes 2-25 days after birth. Inflammed and swollen. Associated w pneumonia |
|
Definition
| Chlamydial conjunctivitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Think Chlamydia trachomatis. Serotypes L1-L3. |
|
|
Term
| When you get granulomas in lymph nodes near pubic region, think: |
|
Definition
| LGV due to serotypes L1-L3 of Chlamydia trachomatis. |
|
|
Term
| What continents would you most likely find lymphogranuloma venereum? |
|
Definition
| Africa, Asia, South America |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blindness. Acquired through genital to eye transmission, or via flies/gnat feet.
Think poor regions of world. |
|
|
Term
| Growth of lashes into eye |
|
Definition
| Trichiasis (from trachoma infection) |
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Term
| Diagnosing and treating chlamydia trachomatis |
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Definition
Diagnose via scrapes in mucosa.
Treat w doxy or erythromycin |
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Term
| 2nd leading cause of atypical pneumonia |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Chlamydophila pneumonia affects what age group |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae affects what age groups? |
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Definition
| Younger. Not elderly too much! |
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Term
| This airborne disease causes bronchitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, and atypical pneumonia...and diagnosis is difficult |
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Definition
|
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Term
| This pneumonia may be associated w atherosclerosis |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Tetracycline or macrolides |
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Term
|
Definition
| Caused by Chlamydophila psittaci |
|
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Term
| Psittacosis, ornithosis, and parrot fever caused by |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Breathing contaminated bird feces causes: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Treating chlamydophila psittaci |
|
Definition
| Respiratory isolation, tetracycline or macrolides |
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Term
| Presentation of chlamydophila psittaci |
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Definition
| fever, chills, headache, pneumonitis. Cna progress to high fever, confusion, INTERSTITIAL pneumonitis, vomiting, cyanosis, encaphalitis, coma |
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Term
|
Definition
| Parrots, toucan and other brightly colored exotic birds |
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|
Term
| Helical, G- like, duale membrane, labile, contain endoflagella |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Spirochete pattern of disease |
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Definition
1) Invasive
2) Latent
3) Secondary and then tertiary disease
4) Immune-mediated tertiary disease |
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|
Term
| Key pathogen in treponema |
|
Definition
| T. pallidum. Makes hyaluronidase that helps w perivascular penetration. Induces destructive immune response. |
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Term
| 3rd most common STD in US |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How syphilis is transmitted |
|
Definition
| transplacentally or via sex |
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Term
|
Definition
Primary - localized lesion
Secondary - Disseminated w lesions
Tertiary - cardiac, connective tissue, or CNS disease (after period of latency) |
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Term
|
Definition
Treponemes enter mucus membranes, multiply, then spread through lymph/blood.
*10-120 days for intense inflammation. *Get hard, painless, shallow ulcer.
*Also get satellite buboes. |
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Term
| When secondary syphilis sets in |
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Definition
| 6-8 weeks after primary chancre/ulcer |
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|
Term
| Secondary syphilis symptoms |
|
Definition
| Flu-like, then disseminated skin rash in skin/mucous lining. Rash/other symptoms disappear in 2-6 weeks |
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Term
|
Definition
| Women can spread disease in utero during this stage |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| First year after resolution of primary or secondary syphilis |
|
|
Term
| Treponemes present during latent syphilis? |
|
Definition
| Yes. Grow on endothelium and induce inflammatory response. This pushes patient towards the tertiary stage of syphilis. |
|
|
Term
| Infectious during tertiary syphilis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
granulomatous lesions 1-10 years after primary syphilis.
Called late benign syphilis. |
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Term
|
Definition
A form of tertiary syphilis.
Associated w HIV. 8% of patients develop between 5-35 years after primary syphilis |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Risk of transplacental transfer of primary syphilis to baby |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Transplacental transfer of syphilis during secondary syphilis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Risk of transplacental transfer of syphilis during tertiary syphilis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Patients will become sero-positive and will have multi-organ problems.
*Deafness, blindness, cardio problems |
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Term
|
Definition
| Think congenital syphilis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Think congenital syphilis |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of tests for syphilis |
|
Definition
Nontreponemal and treponemal.
*Nontreponemal is a screening test.
*Treponemal is a confirmation and highly specific test. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Treponemal test, confirming less specific syphilis tests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Penicillin G. If allergic to this, use Tetracycline or Doxy |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| louse-borne relapsing fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tick-borne relapsing fever |
|
|
Term
| Most reported arthopod-borne disease in US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ixodes scapularis --> Humans. What disease? |
|
Definition
| Lyme disease. Ixodes scapularis is deer tick. |
|
|
Term
| Most lyme disease in what 2 regions of US? |
|
Definition
| Northeast, and Minnesota/Wisconsin region |
|
|
Term
| Can be cultured in vitro, lacks LPS toxin, and genome encodes 135 lipoproteins |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Virulence factor of Borrelia burgdorferi. Expressed in unfed ticks. OspA is required for tick colonization. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Virulence factor of Borrelia burgdorferi. Expressed during tick feeding and the early phase of mammal host infection. This is required for infection of humans. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 3-30 days after tick bite. Last 1 month. Papule spreads to become erythema migrans. Flu-like (headache, fatigue, low fever) and lymphadenopathy. |
|
|
Term
| Percentage of patients w stage 1 lyme disease that progress to stage 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disseminated disease for 1-9 months. Neuro (facial palsy), cardiac, migratory pain, chronic fatigue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acute or chronic arthritis due to lipoproteins in joints, causing immune complexes. |
|
|
Term
| Southern tick-associated rash illness (STARI) |
|
Definition
| forms skin lesion similar to erythema migrans in lyme disease |
|
|
Term
| Are serological tests for lyme disease definitive? |
|
Definition
| No. Many false positives and negatives. Lyme disease should not be diagnosed solely on basis of sero tests. |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of lyme disease |
|
Definition
| Oral doxycycline or amoxicillin |
|
|
Term
| Vaccine available for lyme disease? |
|
Definition
| No. Withdrew from market in 2001. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deer ticks are hard ticks and slow feeders. |
|
|
Term
| Tick-borne relapsing fever occurs when/where: |
|
Definition
| Summer, Western US. Think rustic cabins = tick-borne RUSTIC fever. SOFT TICKS! |
|
|
Term
| Louse-borne relapsing fever occurs where: |
|
Definition
| Africa. Mortality high (30-70%) |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of relapsing fevers |
|
Definition
2-15 days after infection you get:
FEVER, chills, headache, lethargy, muscle/joint pain, weakness. Possible photophobia or rash.
Relapses for 5-10 days.
Recurring attacks (up to 9) that get less severe. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Tetracycline or erythromycin |
|
|
Term
| Hook shaped on one or both ends |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteria colonize in renal tubules of rodents. They are aerobic spirochetes with LPS. Acquired via contact w infected animal urine/contaminated water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aka Leptospirosis. Other names = hemorrhagic jaundice and yellow fever. |
|
|
Term
| Appear 2-20 days after infection. Disseminate to all tissues. Damage endothelial cells of small blood vessels and induce immune response/damage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 phases of leptospirosis |
|
Definition
First phase - dissemination. flue like.
Second phase - headache, chills, ab pain, CONJUNCTIVAL SUFFUSION, ICTERIC DISEASE (Weil's disease), meningitis, and liver/kidney failure! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antibodies to leptospira. Can take 8 weeks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Penicillin G or tetracycline and macrolides |
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Term
|
Definition
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