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| Application; TCP=Application; PDU=Data; user generates some data |
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| Presentation; TCP=Application; PDU=Data; data is formatted so the same application on the other host can recognize it |
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| Session; TCP=Application; PDU=Data; request to initiate a session for the transfer of data |
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| Transport; TCP=Transport; PDU=Segment; data encapsulated as TCP or UDP segment, source/destination ports added, and if TCP, sequence and acknowledgement, and window size |
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| Network; TCP=Internet; PDU=Packet; segment becomes a packet, source/destination IP are added into the header, and protocol type added in the header |
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| Data Link; TCP=Network Interface; PDU=Frame; header with Source/Destination MAC address, creates a frame, error-checking calculation is done called Frame Check Sequence (FCS), and protocol is added into the header as well |
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| Physical; TCP=Network Interface; PDU=Bits; bits |
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| 0 high-order bits, first octet range 1-126, default subnet mask 255.0.0.0 |
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| 10 high-order bits, first octet range 128-191, default subnet mask 255.255.0.0 |
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| 110 high-order bits, first octet range 192-223, default subnet mask 255.255.255.0 |
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| 128-bit; speed increases with the number following |
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| Variable bits; better than MD5 |
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| bits=number following, except SHA-1=160 bits |
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