Term
| What day of the ovarian cycle is the ova liberated from the ovary? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where in the fallopian tube does fertilization take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to the size of the zygote as it moves towards the uterus? |
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Definition
| SIZE DOES NOT CHANGE, just an increase in # of cells as division occurs |
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Term
| What is the process of cleavage in the 1st week of fetal development? |
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Definition
| Converting of the zygote to a morula (ball of cells; each cell = blastomere) |
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Term
| What is the main difference between the morula and blastocyst in fetal development? |
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Definition
| Blastocyst contains fluid filled central cavity = blastocoele |
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Term
| What do the inner cell mass vs. outer cell mass of the blastocyst each give rise to? |
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Definition
ICM = embryoblasts (give rise to embryo)
OCM = trophoblasts (membranes of developing embryo); interact with endometrial cells |
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Term
| What needs to dissolve for implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine wall can occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two different layers of trophoblastic cells? |
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Definition
Syncytiotrophoblast
Cytotrophoblast |
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Term
| What is the descidual reaction? |
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Definition
| How the uterus prepares for implantation of the blastocyst - increased # of glands, more cells, BVs infiltrate |
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Term
| Main events occurring in week 1 of embryonic development |
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Definition
Fertilization to form zygote
Cleavage of zygote into morula
Transformation of morula to blastocyst, and implantation into endometrium |
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Term
| What are the 2 cell layers in the embryonic disc? |
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Definition
Epiblast cells
Hypoblast cells |
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Term
| What are the 2 cavities that form on either side of the bilaminar disc? |
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Definition
Amnion (on epiblast side)
Yolk Sac (on hypoblast side)
*Y of Yolk sac goes with Y of hYpoblast |
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Term
| All 3 germ layers of the embryonic disc are derived from __________ cells |
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Definition
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Term
| The development of the ______________ marks the beginning of gastrulation |
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Definition
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Term
| Growth along primitive streak occurs _______ to ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 parts of the mesoderm and what does each differentiate into? |
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Definition
Paraxial - somites, vertebral bodies
Intermediate - kidneys
Lateral Plate - pleura, peritoneum |
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Term
| Process of female gametogenesis |
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Definition
| Oogonia (fetal) to primary oocytes (before birth) to primary follicle to secondary follicle + polar body to oocyte |
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Term
| When are all primary follicles formed by in women? |
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Definition
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Term
| After the 1st meiotic division in female gametogenesis the _________ becomes _______ |
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Definition
| primary follicle to secondary follicle + polar body |
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Term
| Which part of the trophoblast interacts with the uterine lining to form connections? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___________ forms the extraembryonic endoderm (which forms the yolk sac) |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functional units of the placenta? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 stages of villi development of the placenta? |
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Definition
Primary - trophoblast cells invade decidua
Secondary - get finger-like projections with extra-embryonic mesoderm
Tertiary - mesoderm differentiates into BVs, to complete circulation |
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Term
| What are 2 placental abnormalities that can occur |
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Definition
Placenta accreta - chorionic villi penetrate ALL 3 layers of uterus; too deep
Placenta previa - blastocyst implants overlying internal os; blocks off exit |
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Term
| What is the normal volume of amniotic fluid at term? |
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Definition
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Term
| The intra-embryonic coelom eventually forms which 3 body cavities? |
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Definition
Pericardium
Pleura (for lungs)
Peritoneum (for abdominal cavity) |
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Term
| The neural plate is derived from which germ layer? |
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Definition
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Term
| The neural tube closes completely by the end of.... |
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Definition
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Term
| Once all 3 germ layers are present, the blastocyst becomes known as a ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| What does each layer of the embryonic disc give rise to? |
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Definition
Ectoderm - NS; skin + appendages
Mesoderm - CT, muscle, skeleton; CV system, kidneys, repro organs
Endoderm - internal linings; bladder; peritoneum; pleura |
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Term
| The heart and circulatory system arise from which layer of the embryonic disc? |
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Definition
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Term
| The respiratory system arises from which layer of the embryonic disc? |
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Definition
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Term
| The pericardial coelom is continuous with the peritoneal coelom via... |
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Definition
| the pericardio-peritoneal canals |
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Term
| What causes the pericardial coelom to become separate from the peritoneal colelom? |
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Definition
| The lung buds push into the pericardio-peritoneal canals (allowed 2 coeloms to be continuous before) and cause the pleural and peritoneal coeloms to be separate from the pericardial coelom |
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Term
| What induces neural plate development from the ectoderm? |
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Definition
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Term
| Embryo is at greatest risk for NTDs at which point in development |
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Definition
| weeks 3 and 4 (neural tube development) |
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Term
| At the centre of the neural tube, the neural canal becomes.... |
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Definition
| The ventricular system of the brain, and the central canal of the SC |
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Term
| The eye begins to form as an outgrowth of the ________ at the end of the ______ week of development |
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Definition
Outgrowth of FOREBRAIN
End of the 4th week |
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Term
| The eye arises from which germ layer? |
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Definition
| Ectoderm - arises from neural tissue |
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Term
| When do the ears begin to form during embryonic development? |
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Definition
In the 6th week - AURICULAR HILLOCKS form in between 1st two pharyngeal arches
In 7th week - external acoustic meatus has formed |
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Term
| Teratogenicity of a chemical/drug depends on... |
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Definition
Critical period of development (max susceptibility between weeks 3 and 8)
Dose of teratogen
Genotype of embryo |
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Term
| What is the critical period for recreational drugs (e.g. EtOH) as teratogens? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the critical period of Rubella infection as a teratogen during embryonic development? |
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Definition
Weeks 1-5
Can get Congenital Rubella Syndrome - fetal wastage, birth defects (glaucoma, deafness, cardiac defects) |
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Term
| What period of weeks in development is known as the "organogenic period"? |
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Definition
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Term
| When are congenital malformations most likely to occur in the fetus? |
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Definition
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Term
| The neural tube first closes _______, then ______ |
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Definition
| First closes ROSTRALLY, then CAUDALLY |
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Term
| The heart typically begins to beat by _______ |
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Definition
Week 4
*Common period for atrial septal and ventricular septal defects to occur |
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Term
| What 3 general defects are commonly seen in Congenital Rubella Syndrome? |
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Definition
1. Sensorineural deafness
2. Eye abnormalities
3. Congenital heart defects |
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Term
| What happens if the pleuroperitoneal canals fail to close during development? |
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Definition
| Can get herniation of abdominal organs into the pleural cavity (Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia) |
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Term
| What are two disorders of aminiotic fluid volume, and what are they typically caused by? |
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Definition
Oligohydraminos - too little fluid; not enough excretion from baby
Polyhydramnios - too much fluid; too little swallowing from baby, or too much excretion (could be due to maternal DM) |
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Term
| What is the rule of H-bonds in a-helices? |
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Definition
| C=O group of amino acid (n) binds to H of the N-H group that is the (n+4) amino acid |
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Term
| How many amino acids per turn in an a-helix? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic domains of most globular proteins located? |
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Definition
Hydrophobic = interior; Hydrophilic = exterior
In minimum energy (native) conformation - most favourable state to keep hydrophil outside and hydrophob inside |
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Term
| Why is heat denaturation of a protein usually reversible? |
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Definition
| Because it allows protein to reach GLOBAL minimum energy conformation (native state is only LOCAL min energy) - not favourable to switch back to native form |
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Term
| What happens to normal proteins after infection with the Creutzfeld-Jakob prion? |
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Definition
PrP = proteinaceous prion
Normally is rich in a-helix, changes to be rich in B-sheet; acts as a template for misfolding |
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Term
| What is the subunit composition of a Hb moc? |
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Definition
2 aB heterodimers
Each individual subunit has 1 heme group (4 in total = 4 moc of O2) |
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Term
| Where does the mutation occur in Sickle Cell disease? |
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Definition
| In the B-globin chain of Hb |
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Term
| Which residues are hydroxylated in collagen synthesis? What is required as a co-factor in this reaction? |
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Definition
Get hydroxy-Pro and hydroxy-Lys
Need Vit C (ascorbic acid) as a co-factor |
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Term
| What is the most abundant protein in the body? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the structure of collagen? |
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Definition
Made up of 3 a-chains
Contain a Gly at every 3rd position (in interior of the helix) |
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Term
| What is Osteogenesis Imperfecta? |
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Definition
Genetic disease - autosomal dominant
Type I Collagen Deficiency - can get premature chain termination, absence of Gly in a-chains, non-transcription of exons... |
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Term
| What drug can be used to increase production of fetal Hb? |
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Definition
| Hydroxyurea (can be used for Sickle Cell - fetal Hb has no B-globin, only gamma) |
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Term
| What is the mutation that occurs in Sickle Cell disease? |
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Definition
| Point mutation causing Glu to Val switch in B-globin gene of chr 11 |
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Term
| During RBC breakdown, heme is converted into... |
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Definition
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Term
| In 400 BC, who spurred the idea that the medical practitioner is a diagnostician/therapist (father of Western med) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 bodily humors in the Humoral Theory |
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Definition
Yellow Bile
Black Bile
Phlegm
Blood |
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Term
| What did Galen do and believe? |
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Definition
Traveled to Rome to spread ideas about Greek medicine
Believed practical experience lied in ANATOMY - used a pig model because he couldn't use humans |
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Term
| In the middle ages how were most physicians trained? |
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Definition
VIA APPRENTICESHIP (vast majority)
Minority were trained through university programs |
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Term
| Who published the 1st printed anatomy text? |
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Definition
| Vesalius (he was the 1st to contradict what was in Galen's texts) |
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Term
| Who came up with the idea of circulation in the human body? |
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Definition
| Harvey - he challenged Galen's view that there is an "ebb and flow" in circulation in the body |
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Term
| Who put forth the GERM THEORY of disease? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Who invented the X-ray in 1895? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Who was the pioneer of chemotherapy and what did he discover? |
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Definition
| Paul Ehrlich - discovered Salvarsan which was used to treat Syphilis |
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|
Term
| Difference between apoenzyme and holoenzyme? |
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Definition
ApoENZ - ENZ without prosthetic group/co-enz
HoloENZ - ENZ + prosthetic group/co-enzyme |
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Term
| What is the function of an ENZ in a chemical reaction? |
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Definition
LOWER ACTIVATION ENERGY (has NO effect on the overall free energy change)
In reversible rxns, the ENZ catalyzes both the forward and reverse rxns |
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Term
| What is the Michaelis Constant (Km) |
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Definition
Km = the [S] at which the rxn is at 1/2 Vmax
High Km = low affinity; Low Km = high affinity |
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|
Term
| What is the Genetic Information Non-Discriminatory Act? |
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Definition
Cannot use genetic info for hiring or compensation
Prohibits insurance companies from using genetic info with respect to insurance
***ONLY IN USA, NO LAWS IN CANADA |
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Term
| In Canada, insurance company ________ require an applicant to undergo genetic testing |
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Definition
WOULD NOT REQUIRE
***However if testing has been done, and info is available, insurer would request access |
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|
Term
| What should be done in regards to carrier testing in minors? |
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Definition
| Should be DEFERRED until child can participate in decision making |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a complex syndrome of increased vulnerability and inadequate response to stressors leading to adverse outcomes (falls, disability, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| What is the last stage in the frailty process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ = vulnerability and inadequate response to stressors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of frailty syndrome... |
|
Definition
Weakness
Weight Loss
Fatigue
Inactivity
Decreased food intake/anorexia |
|
|
Term
| For the frailty phenotype, need at least 3 of... |
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Definition
Low grip strength - <20% in dom hand
Exhaustion
Poor physical activity - <20% phys expenditure
Slow Gait - <1m/s
Unintentional weight loss (5kg/yr) |
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Term
|
Definition
Part of the frailty model/syndrome
Multi-system reduction in reserve capacity close to threshold for failure |
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Term
| _________ is one of the crucial aspects of the primary pathway of "frailty" development? |
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Definition
| SARCOPENIA - caused by immobility, decreased anabolic hormones, increased cytokines, atherosclerosis, etc. |
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Term
| Two of the biggest factors leading to sarcopenia in frail individuals are.... |
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Definition
Neuroendocrine dysfunction - depletion of anabolic hormones
Immune dysfunction - increased catabolic cytokines |
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