Term
| What do most Italian nouns end with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gender are nouns ending in -a, usually? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gender are nouns ending in -o, usually? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nouns ending in a consonant are usually what gender? |
|
Definition
| masculine (imported) (21) |
|
|
Term
| Nouns ending in -zione are usually what gender? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you determine the gender of an abbreviated noun? |
|
Definition
| look at the original word (eg: foto, fotografia) (22) |
|
|
Term
| Most nouns and adjectives ending in ca, -ga, and -co do what when you pluralize them? |
|
Definition
| add an "h" to retain the hard sound (22) |
|
|
Term
| What are some exceptions to the rule that nouns/adjectives ending in -ca, -ga, -co keep their hard sound in the plural? |
|
Definition
| amico, nemico, greco (Patrizia) |
|
|
Term
| What happens when you pluralize a noun ending with an accented vowel (ie: caffé)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do you use "uno", a form of the indefinite article? |
|
Definition
| Before masculine nouns that start with s and a consonant, ps, gn, or z. |
|
|
Term
| The adjective "buono", when it comes before an adjective, follows the same form as what other word? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which form of buono is used when the adjective goes before the noun, and which one after? |
|
Definition
| before the noun: four forms, same format as un; after the noun: the regular adjective forms: -o/a/i/e (24) |
|
|
Term
| How do you make a verb negative? |
|
Definition
| add "non" before the verb (26) |
|
|
Term
| How do you make a verb interrogative? |
|
Definition
| add a question mark at the end of the sentence (26) |
|
|
Term
| Is it necessary to use subject pronouns with verbs? |
|
Definition
| no - optional, often used for emphasis or clarity (27) |
|
|
Term
| What are the four ways to say "you" (subject pronoun) in Italian? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you form idiomatic expressions like "I'm hungry", "I'm thirsty", etc? |
|
Definition
| With "avere" plus the noun, eg: avere fame, avere sete (29) |
|
|
Term
| How do you express age in Italian? |
|
Definition
| avere plus the number, eg: avere 20 anni (30) |
|
|
Term
| How do you ask what someone is like? |
|
Definition
| use "com'è" or "come sono" (42) |
|
|
Term
| Which nouns always precede the noun the modify? |
|
Definition
| altro, stesso, molto (42) |
|
|
Term
| Which nouns often (but not always) precede the noun they modify? |
|
Definition
| bello, buono, bravo, nuovo, vecchio, brutto (42) |
|
|
Term
| What's the difference between molto used as an adjective and as an adverb? |
|
Definition
| as an adjective, it means "a lot", and is variable; as an adverb, it means "very" and is invariable (42) |
|
|
Term
| How do you say "I'm from..." in Italian? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you indicate possession using essere (the guitar is Julia's)? |
|
Definition
| "essere di", eg: La chitarra e di Giulia. (44) |
|
|
Term
| How do you say "there is" and "there are"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you ask if someone is in/at home? |
|
Definition
| "C'è" or "ci sono"; eg: C'è Maria? - is Maria in? (44) |
|
|
Term
| When using the definite article with multiple nouns, do you use it once or before each noun? |
|
Definition
| use it before each noun (47) |
|
|
Term
| When choosing the correct form of the definite article, how do you determine which form to use? |
|
Definition
| look at the first letter(s) of the noun following the article (47) |
|
|
Term
| When is the definite article required in Italian? |
|
Definition
| 1) before nouns that express an entire category; 2) before names of languages, except when directly preceeded by parlare, studiare, imparare, insegnare; 3) before titles when talking about (but not to) people; before days of week to indicate habitual activity; 5) before names of countries, states, regions, large islands, mountains, rivers (48) |
|
|
Term
| Bello, when used before a noun, has the same endings as what other word? |
|
Definition
| the indefinite article (48) |
|
|
Term
| How do you express an action that has been going on for some time but continues into the present (I have been studying Italian for 5 years)? |
|
Definition
| present tense + da + time expression eg: studio italiano per 5 anni (59) |
|
|
Term
| What happens with verbs like cominciare, mangiare, and studiare whe you conjugate them? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do common adverbs of time usually go in relation to the verb (ie: spesso, sempre)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you express "never" in Italian? |
|
Definition
| "non" before the verb, and "mai" after (60) |
|
|
Term
| In Italian, how do you say to go by car, on a bike, etc? |
|
Definition
| andare + in + method of transportation, except on foot: andare a piedi (63) |
|
|
Term
| How do you say the weather is good, hot, or cool? |
|
Definition
| fa bello, fa caldo, fa fresco (63) |
|
|
Term
| How do you say "to have breakfast"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you say "to take a picture"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do possessive adjectives go in relation to the noun? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the possessive adjective composed of? |
|
Definition
| definite article + adjective + noun, eg: il mio nonno (67) |
|
|
Term
| How do you express the English phrase "of mine" in Italian (eg: friend of mine)? |
|
Definition
| use the possessive with the indefinite article, eg: un mio amico (66) |
|
|
Term
| When can you omit the definite article entirely with a possessive adjective? |
|
Definition
| when referring to any singular, unmodified family member, eg: mia mamma (67) |
|
|
Term
| Name three nouns where the possesive adjective follows the noun instead of coming before it. |
|
Definition
| casa, affari, camera (but only when there is no other adjective) (66) |
|
|
Term
| How many forms does the word "questo" have? |
|
Definition
| five - the four regular adjective forms, and the optional quest' before a vowel (68) |
|
|
Term
| How many forms does the word quello have? |
|
Definition
| As a pronoun (without a noun) - four regular forms (-o/a/i/e); as an adjective before a noun, 5 masculine, 3 feminine (irregular forms) (69) |
|
|
Term
| Where does the accent on -are verbs normally fall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the accent on "-ere" verbs normally not fall? |
|
Definition
| on the first "e" in -ere - it usually falls earlier in the word, on the stem |
|
|
Term
| For "isc" verbs, which persons of the verb in the present tense do NOT have the "isc"? |
|
Definition
| outside the boot - ie: noi and voi (80) |
|
|
Term
| What form is the verb that follows verbs volere, dovere, potere, and preferire, always? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All expressions used with the verb "andare" can also be used with the verb... ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the definition of a direct object? |
|
Definition
| the recipient of the direct action of the verb (85) |
|
|
Term
| What does the possessive adjective agree with? |
|
Definition
| the thing being possessed, in both gender and number (65) |
|
|
Term
| How do you determine the form and number of the direct object pronoun? |
|
Definition
| it agrees in gender and number with the thing it is replacing (85) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the direct object pronoun placed in relation to the verb? |
|
Definition
| either before a conjugated verb or attached to an infinitive (drop the final "e" of the infinitive) (85) |
|
|
Term
| When can you elide a direct object pronoun? |
|
Definition
| Only singular pronouns, when they come before verbs starting with a vowel and forms of avere starting with an "h" (86) |
|
|
Term
| Name some Italian verbs that have "to" or "for" built-into the verb. |
|
Definition
| ascoltare, aspettare, cercare, guardare, pagare (86) |
|
|
Term
| How do you express "Here I am", etc in Italian? |
|
Definition
| ecco + direct object, eg: eccomi (86) |
|
|
Term
| How do you ask what time it is in Italian? |
|
Definition
| "che ore è?" or "che ore sono" (87) |
|
|
Term
| How do you express hour + minutes in Italian? |
|
Definition
| ore + e + minuti; quarto for 15 minutes, mezzo for half hour, and the next hour + meno + remaining minutes for less than 30 minutes (87) |
|
|
Term
| How do you indicate "in the morning", in the afternoon", "in the evening", and "at night" in Italian? |
|
Definition
| di mattina, del pomereggio, di sera, di notte (88) |
|
|
Term
| What is the 24 hour clock used for in Italy? |
|
Definition
| train, bus and plane schedules, TV, radio and movie schedules, official business (88) |
|
|
Term
| How do you combine definite articles and prepositions into articulated prepositions? |
|
Definition
| preposition first, article second; if the article starts with "l", double the "l"; di becomes de, in becomes ne, eg: di + la = della (102) |
|
|
Term
| How do you express "some" using an articulated preposition? |
|
Definition
| di + article eg: del (103) |
|
|
Term
| When do you need to use di+article to express "some"? |
|
Definition
| it's always optional, almost always omitted from questions and negative sentences (103) |
|
|
Term
| How do you express from a certain time to a certain time using articulated prepositions? |
|
Definition
| alle (time) dalle (time) (103) |
|
|
Term
| When do you not use the article with the preposition "a" (two examples)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do you omit the article with the preposition in (articulated prepositions)? |
|
Definition
| with rooms in a house, certain buildings (banca, biblioteca, chiesa, ufficio), area of a city (piazza, centro) (104) |
|
|
Term
| Using a preposition (stand-alone or articulated), how do you express the idea of going to someone's place or someone's office? |
|
Definition
| use da, eg: dal dottore (104) |
|
|
Term
| Which two verbs are used as helper verbs for Italian's compound tenses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you form the past participle of regular verbs? |
|
Definition
| -are, add -ato; -ere, add -uto; -ire, add -ito (106) |
|
|
Term
| How do you form the passato prossimo with avere? |
|
Definition
| conjugated helper verb avere + past participle (-o ending) (106) |
|
|
Term
| What are the English equivalents of the passato prossimo? |
|
Definition
| I ate, I did eat, I have eaten. (106) |
|
|
Term
| What are the English equivalents of the present tense? |
|
Definition
| I eat, I am eating, I do eat (59) |
|
|
Term
| Which verbs are most likely to be irregular in the passato prossimo? |
|
Definition
| -ere verbs that are stressed on the stem (106) |
|
|
Term
| Name some of the time expressions that often accompany the passato prossimo. |
|
Definition
| ieri, ieri sera, due giorni, una settimana, un mese, un anno, lunedì scorso (107) |
|
|
Term
| Wjat's the difference between prendere and portare vs. the English "take"? |
|
Definition
| prendere = to take something (coffee, some sun, a bus); portare = to actually carry or bring something or someone to somewhere (107) |
|
|
Term
| In the passato prossimo, where are common adverbs of time usually placed? |
|
Definition
| between the helper and past participle (eg: mai, sempre, ancora) (108) |
|
|
Term
| How do you form the passato prossimo with essere? |
|
Definition
| conjugated helper verb essere + past participle (match ending to subject in gender/number) (110) |
|
|
Term
| Wjat kinds of verbs are typically "essere" verbs? |
|
Definition
| verbs of locomotion, inactivity, and changes in state of being. (110) |
|
|
Term
| What's the difference in meaning between partire, lasciare, andare via and uscire? |
|
Definition
| partire = to leave, depart; lasciare = to leave something or someone behind; andare via = to get going, to get out, to go away; uscire = to exit from, to go out with (111) |
|
|
Term
| What other verb has forms identical to essere in the passato prossimo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the difference in meaning between conoscere and sapere? |
|
Definition
| conoscere = to know of/about something, to be familiar with; sapere = to know a fact (113) |
|
|
Term
| What specific meanings do conoscere and sapere have in the passato prossimo? |
|
Definition
| conoscere = to meet for the first time; sapere = to find out/to hear (113) |
|
|
Term
| What pronoun is commonly used with sapere? |
|
Definition
| lo eg: Lo so - I know it (106) |
|
|
Term
| What questions do indirect objects answer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What questions do direct objects answer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What prepositions must always be used in Italian before an indirect object noun? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Indirect object pronouns are identical to direct object pronouns except for...? |
|
Definition
| third person - gli, le, loro (125) |
|
|
Term
| What are two facts about the indirect object pronoun "loro"? |
|
Definition
| It goes after the verbm and is rarely used. (126) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the indirect object pronoun placed in relation to the verb? |
|
Definition
| before the conjugated verb or attached to the infinitive (drop the last e on the infinitive) (126) |
|
|
Term
| Can the indirect object pronouns le and gli elide before verbs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name some verbs that are often used with indirect object pronouns. |
|
Definition
| chiedere, consigliare, dare, dire, domandare, (im)prestare, insegnare, mandare, mostrare, offrire, portare, preparare, regalare, riportare, rispondere, scrivere, telefonare, rendere, parlare (126) |
|
|
Term
| When using a direct object pronoun with the passato prossimo and avere, what special rule applies? |
|
Definition
| the past participle must agree with the direct object pronoun in gender and number for lo, la, li and le (128) |
|
|
Term
| When using an indirect object pronoun with the passato prossimo and avere, does the past participle need to agree with the pronoun? |
|
Definition
| no, it never agrees (127) |
|
|
Term
| What does the word "piacere" translate to in English? |
|
Definition
| to like (literally, to be leasing to) (131) |
|
|
Term
| What does the verb piacere agree with? |
|
Definition
| with the object - the thing being liked (131) |
|
|
Term
| Which persons can piacere be used with? |
|
Definition
| with all persons, but it is most commonly used in third person (131) |
|
|
Term
| What helper verb is used with piacere? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you express not liking something? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With piacere, how do you conjugate the verb when the think being liked is an infinitive? |
|
Definition
| third person singular - piace (132) |
|
|
Term
| How do you say "do you like it" in Italian? |
|
Definition
| ti piace - the "it" or the "them" is never used (131) |
|
|
Term
| How do you say you are sorry about something? |
|
Definition
| use dispiacere like piacere eg: mi dispiace (132) |
|
|
Term
| In interrogative sentences, where does the subject usually go? |
|
Definition
| at the end of the sentence (134) |
|
|
Term
| In an interrogative sentence, where do prepositions a, con, da, di and per go? |
|
Definition
| before the interrogative - never at the end of the sentence, eg: A chi scrivono? (134) |
|
|
Term
| Are che, che cosa, and cosa interchangeable? |
|
Definition
| yes, except when used as an adjective with a noun (eg: what type of computer) - then only "che" is used (134) |
|
|
Term
| When do you use Che cos'è vs. Qual'è? |
|
Definition
| Che cos'è is used when asking for a definition or explanation; Qual'è is used whe the answer calls for a choice, or information (phone number, address) (135) |
|
|
Term
| what's the definition of a reflexive verb? |
|
Definition
| A transitive vern where the action is directed back to the subject (144) |
|
|
Term
| Reflexive pronouns are identical to direct and indirect object pronouns except for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are reflexive pronouns placed in relation to the verb? |
|
Definition
| before the conjugated verb or attached to the infinitive (drop the last e on the infinitive) (144) |
|
|
Term
| Most reflexive verbs can also be used as non-reflexive verbs if... |
|
Definition
| the action performed by the subject effects someone or something else (145) |
|
|
Term
| Which helper verb is used in compound tenses with reflexive and reciprocal verbs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which persons/tenses are used with reciprocal verbs? |
|
Definition
| ci, vi and si (plural) (147) |
|
|
Term
| How are many adverbs formed from adjectives? |
|
Definition
| add "mente" to feminine singular form of adjective; if singuilar adjective ends in -le or -re, drop the final e and add -mente eg: gentile = gentilmente (150) |
|
|
Term
| Where are most adverbs usually placed in relation to a verb? |
|
Definition
| with a simple verb, after the verb; with a compound verb, after the past participle (except for mai, ancora, sempre, etc) (151) |
|
|
Term
| Do the numbers cento and mille have plural forms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When using the numbers milione and miiardo (billion) and a noun, what else is needed? |
|
Definition
| milione/miliardo + di + noun (153) |
|
|
Term
| How do you say eleven hundred in Italian? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of speech is needed when talking about a calendar year? |
|
Definition
| masculine singular definite article eg: il 1916 (153) |
|
|
Term
| What is the imperfect tense used to be described? |
|
Definition
| habitual actions and states of being in the past (163) |
|
|
Term
| What's the difference between allora and poi? |
|
Definition
| allora =at that time, so, then, in that case; poi = then (describing a series of events) (163) |
|
|
Term
| What are the english equivalents of the imperfect tense? |
|
Definition
| They used to eat, they were eating, they ate only (164) |
|
|
Term
| What are the uses of the imperfect tense? |
|
Definition
| describes habitual actions; describes past actions in progress when another action occured; describes mental, physical, and emotional states in the past; expresses age, time, weather in the past (164) |
|
|
Term
| What time expressions are commonly used with the imperfect tense? |
|
Definition
| anni fa, di solito, sempre, una volta, il lunedì etc (164) |
|
|
Term
| What are the English equivalents of the trapassato? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the trapassato tense express? |
|
Definition
| a past action that took place before another past action or point in time (169) |
|
|
Term
| How is the trapassato formed? |
|
Definition
| helper verb in imperfect tense (essere/avere) + past participle (when helper is essere, past participle must agree with subject) (170) |
|
|
Term
| What are the suffixes that express smallness or endearment? |
|
Definition
| -ino/a/i/e, -etto/a/i/e, -ello/a/i/e, and -uccio, -uccia, -ucci, -ucce (171) |
|
|
Term
| What are the suffixes that express largeness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are pronomi tonici placed in a sentence? |
|
Definition
| after a preposition, or verb (to give greater emphasis to the object), or when there are two objects in a sentence (184) |
|
|
Term
| As with the use of da plus a person's name, da plus a pronome tonice can be used to express... |
|
Definition
| going to someone's place eg: da lui, to his place (184) |
|
|
Term
| How do you express equality between two things in Italian? |
|
Definition
| (così) come or (tanto) quanto eg: Sergio è (cosi) alto come Roberto. (187) |
|
|
Term
| Which form, così come or tanto quanto, is used when expressing equality with a verb (ge: Sergio gets sick as much as Roberto does.) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When comparing equality with così come or tanto quanto, which type of pronoun can be used? |
|
Definition
| disjunctive pronoun (tonici) (187) |
|
|
Term
| How do you express inequality between two things in Italian? |
|
Definition
| più di/che or meno di/che (187) |
|
|
Term
| When expressing more or less than a number in Italian, which is used, più/meno di or più/meno che? (eg: There were more than ten accidents on that street ;ast month) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is used when comparing two things of the same grammatical category, più/meno di or pìù/meno che? eg: That medicine is more expensive than effective. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Italian, how do you express the superlative (least, most)? |
|
Definition
| il più/il meno - article always goes first, più/meno always goes right before the adjective. Alternately, add "issimo" to the masculine plural stem of the adjective. (190-91) |
|
|
Term
| How do you say that someone or something is the best or worst? |
|
Definition
| best = il migliore/il più buono; worst = il peggiore/il più cattivo (192) |
|
|
Term
| How do you say better or worse in Italian? |
|
Definition
| adjective: better = migliore, worse = peggiore; adverb: better = meglio, worse = peggio (192) |
|
|
Term
| How do you say someone does something "better than anyone"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the future tense formed in Italian? |
|
Definition
| add the future ending to the infinitive minus the final "e". For -are verbs, change the final "a" to "e". Some verbs have an irregular stem instead. (203-04) |
|
|
Term
| Name some verbs which have an irregular future stem. |
|
Definition
| bere, essere, dare, fare, stare, andare, avere, dovere, potere, vedere, venire, volere (204) |
|
|
Term
| What other special uses does the future tense have in Italian? |
|
Definition
| to express what is probably true or to guess what coule be true. (204) |
|
|
Term
| When the future tense is used with a dependent clause, which tense is used in the two clauses? eg: When he gets here, he'll be tired. |
|
Definition
| both tenses should be in the future tense (206) |
|
|
Term
| What two words are often used with the future tense to link dependent clauses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the English equivalents of the si impersonale? |
|
Definition
| one, they, people, or we/they used impersonally, it's common knowledge that, it's pobvious, it's clear (208) |
|
|
Term
| With the si impersonale, how do you determine the person and number of the verb? |
|
Definition
| si impersonale is always in third person, and matches the object in number (singular/plural) (208) |
|
|
Term
| With si impersonale, how are dovere, potere, and venire conjugated? |
|
Definition
| in the third person, matched in number to the object eg: Si possono comprare libri qui. (209) |
|
|
Term
| When using si impersonale with a reflexive verb, what changes? |
|
Definition
| The "si" from the impersonal construction becomes a "ci" eg: Ci si diverte in classe. (209) |
|
|
Term
| How is the si impersonale formed? |
|
Definition
| si + third person form of verb (208) |
|
|
Term
| Which helper verb is used with the si impersonale in compound tenses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are common noun endings referring to people? |
|
Definition
| -tore/trice, -ore/-essa; -e, -ga, -ista (210) |
|
|
Term
| What does the pronoun "ne" replace? |
|
Definition
| di + noun phrase, or di + infinitive (ie: avere bisogno di) (221) |
|
|
Term
| What does "ne" correspond to in English? |
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Definition
| some, any (when replacing partitive phrase); of it, of them (when replacing a number or expression of quantity) (221-22) |
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Term
| Is "ne" optional or required in Italian? |
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Definition
| unlike english, "ne" is required eg: They have five (of them) = Ne hanno cinque. (222) |
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Term
| How can you express the date using "ne"? |
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Definition
| ne abbiamo cinque = it's the fifth (222) |
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|
Term
| Where is "ne" placed in relation to the verb? |
|
Definition
| before the conjugated verb or attached to the infinitive (222) |
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Term
| What is the rule on agreement with "ne" and the past participle? |
|
Definition
| with an expression of quantity, ne must agree in gender and number with the expression ne is replacing (222) |
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Term
| What does "ci" replace when it means "there"? |
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Definition
| nouns referring to places preceded by "a" or "in", or da + a person, or a + infinitive (223) |
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Term
| What is the English equivaent of "ci?" eg ci vado oggi |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Is "ci" optional or required in Italian? |
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Definition
| unlike english, "ci" is required eg: Yes, she's going (there) to buy yogurt = Si, ci va per comprare lo yogurt.. (223) |
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Term
| How is "ci" used with credere and pensare? |
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Definition
| to replace a + noun for things that someone believes in or thinks about, eg: Lei crede agli UFO? Si, ci credo. (224) |
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Term
| here is "ci" placed in relation to the verb? |
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Definition
| before the conjugated verb or attached to the infinitive (224) |
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Term
| How are double pronouns formed in Italian? |
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Definition
| indirect object + direct object; "i" in mi, ti, ci and vi" changes to an "e"; gli adds an "e" ad attaches to the dop; all other double pronouns remain two separate words (226) |
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Term
| Where are double object pronouns placed in relation to the verb? |
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Definition
| before the conjugated verb or attached to the infinitive (drop the final "e") (227) |
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Term
| What are the rules of agreement with double pronouns and the past participle? |
|
Definition
| the past participle must agree with the direct object pronoun in gender and number (227) |
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Term
| What changes when a double pronoun includes a reflexive verb? |
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Definition
| The "si" changes to "se" eg: Se la mette (227) |
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Term
| In a double pronoun, where does "ci" (here/there) go. and how does it change? |
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Definition
| Ci goes first, and becomes ce eg: Ce lo metto (227) |
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Term
| What is the imperative tense used for? |
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Definition
| to give orders, advice, and exhortations (229) |
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Term
| The informal imperative is identical to the present tense, except in two cases. Name them. |
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Definition
| -are tu form becomes -a (eg: lavora!); the negative tu form of all verbs uses the infinitive (eg: non lavorare) (229) |
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Term
| Are avere and essere regular or irregular in the informal imperative? |
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Definition
| irregular: abbi, abbiamo, abbiate; sii, siamo, siate (229) |
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Term
| What are the irregular tu forms of andare, dare, fare, stare, and dire? |
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Definition
| va', da', fa', sta', and di'. Note - vai, dai, fai and stai are also used, but for dire, only di' is used. (229) |
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Term
| Where do object and reflexive pronouns go, in relation to the informal imperative? |
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Definition
| They are always attached to the end eg: alza + ti = alzati! except for the negative impertive, where they can attach or go before the verb eg: non dargliele or non gliele fare (230) |
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Term
| How do you attach an object pronoun to the irregular imperative tu forms of andare, dare, stare, fare, or dire? |
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Definition
| attach them and double the first pronoun of the pronoun, except for gli eg: da + mi = dammi (230) |
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Term
| How do you express each/every in Italian? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How do you express all, every, or the whole in Italian? |
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Definition
| tutto + definite article + noun eg: tutto il giorno (241) |
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Term
| How do you express some or any in Italian? |
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Definition
| qualche (invariable, singular form, plural meaning); alcune/i (always plural); un po di' (partitive); di + definite article (del) (241) |
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Term
| How do you express all/everybody in Italian? |
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Definition
| tutto/a/i.e; tutto = everything; tutti = everyone (243) |
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Term
| How do you express each/everyone in Italian? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you express each one in Italian? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you express someone and something in Italian? |
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Definition
| qualcuno, qualcosa (qualcosa is always masculine) (243) |
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Term
| What pronouns are commonly used with qualcosa? |
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Definition
| di/da - qualcosa + di + adjective (masc sing); qualcosa + da + infintive (same as niente/nulla) (243) |
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Term
| How are negative phrases placed in respect to the verb? |
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Definition
| Non ges before the verb, and the negative expression goes after; when niente/nessuno or ne...ne goes before the verb, you omit the "non" |
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Term
| What pronouns are commonly used with niente/nulla? |
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Definition
| di/da - niente/nulla + di + adjective (masc sing); niente/nulla + da + infintive (same as qualcosa) (246) |
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Term
| Can nessuno be used to mean "any"? |
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Definition
| yes, in negative sentences - forms are similar to the indefinite article and always singular - nessun, nessuno, nessun', nessuna eg: Non ho nessun amico = I don't have any friends. (246) |
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Term
| The formal imperative forms are identical to what other tense? |
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Definition
| The subjunctive/congiuntivi |
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Term
| How is the formal imperative formed? |
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Definition
| add -i/-ino to the present stem of the verb for -are verbs, and -a/-ano to -are and -ire verbs. Note, for isc verbs, the formal imperative oes include the "isc" (247) |
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Term
| In the formal imperative, where are pronouns placed in relation to the verb? |
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Definition
| they always go before the verb (248) |
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Term
| What is the English equivalent of the conditional tense? |
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Definition
| would + verb, eg: I would eat (260) |
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Term
| How is the conditional present tense formed? |
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Definition
| Drop the final "e" from the infinitive, and attach the ending (for -are verbs, also change the final "a" to an "e"). Note: the present conditional always uses the same stem as the future tense. (260) |
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Term
| What is the conditional tense used to express? |
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Definition
| polite requests, wishes and preferences (261) |
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Term
| Is the word "would" in English always indicative of the conditional tense in Italian? |
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Definition
| no - it can also mean "used to" (imperfetto) or the negative "refused to/wouldn't" (passato prossimo), neither of which has a conditional meaning. (261) |
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Term
| What meaning do dovere, potere, and volere have in the conditional present tense? |
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Definition
| dovere = should; potere = could; volere = would want or would like (262-263) |
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Term
| Aside from volere in the conditional, how else can you express "would like"? |
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Definition
| piacere in the conditional, ie: mi piacerebbe vedere un parco nazionale (263) |
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Term
| Is the word "could" always indicative of the conditional of potere? |
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Definition
| only in the present tense. in the past tense, the actions described by could are completed, so the passato prossimo is used. (263) |
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Term
| What is the English equivalent of the condizionale passato? |
|
Definition
| would have + verb, eg: I would have eaten (265) |
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Term
| What meaning do dovere, potere, and volere have in the conditionale passato tense? |
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Definition
| dovere = should have or ought to have; potere = could/might have; volere = would have liked to (265) |
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Term
| How is the conditionale passato formed? |
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Definition
| helper verb (avere/essere) in conditional form + past participle (265) |
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Term
| How do you combine dovere/potere/volere and the condizionale passato? |
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Definition
| helper verb (can use either avere or essere) + dovere/potere/volere past participle + infinitive (265) |
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Term
| How is the conditionale passato used for indirect discourse? |
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Definition
| in indirect discourse to express a future action seen from a point in the past (paraphrasing) (265) |
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Term
| How do you express mine, yours, etc? eg: My wife is well, how is yours? |
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Definition
| use the possessive adjective minus the noun, ie la tua moglie -> la tua. (267) |
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Term
| When do you need to use the article with the possessive pronoun (remember, pronoun, not possessive adjective) |
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Definition
| always, even with family members, except after essere (267) |
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Term
| How do you use the possessive pronoun with essere to express ownership? |
|
Definition
| essere + pronoun (drop the definite article) eg: È sua quella macchina? = Is that your car? (267) |
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Term
| What does the relative pronoun "che" correspond to in English? |
|
Definition
| who, whom, that, which (278) |
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Term
| What is the function of the relative pronoun (che, cui, quello che)? |
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Definition
| to link one clause to another (278) |
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Term
| When do you use the relative pronoun che vs. cui vs. quello che? |
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Definition
| che = directly after a noun; cui = after a noun + preposition; quello che when there is no noun (279) |
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Term
| What are the alternative forms of quello che? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are the relative pronouns "whom" and "that" optional in Italian as they are in English? |
|
Definition
| no - they must be used (278) |
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Term
| Aside from being used as an interrogative, how else is "chi" used? |
|
Definition
| to substitute for la persona che, le persone che, quello che, and quelli che. (280) |
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Term
| What person is the pronoun "chi" always used with? |
|
Definition
| 3rd person singular (280) |
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Term
| What are the equivalents of "chi" in English? |
|
Definition
| the one(s) who, he/she who, those who (280) |
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Term
| Name some verbs that take the preposition "a" when followed by an infinitive verb. |
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Definition
| aiutare, andare, cominciare, continuare, fermarsi, imparare, insegnare, invitare, mandare, passare, riuscire, venire (282) |
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Term
| Name some verbs that take the preposition "di" when followed by an infinitive verb. |
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Definition
| avere bisogno, avere paura, avere voglia, cercare, chiedere, credere, decidare, dimenricare, dire, finire, pensare, permettere, promettere, ricordare, smettere, sperare (283) |
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Term
| In English, no preposition is required with an infinitive to express purpose (eg: I called (in order) to say hello to you). Is one required in Italian? |
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Definition
| yes - per eg: Ho telefonato per salutarti. (283) |
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Term
| Name some verbs that are followed directly by an infinitive (with no preposition in-between). |
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Definition
| amare, desiderare, dovere, piacere, potere, preferire, sapere, volere, è bene, è giusto, bisogna, basta (283) |
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Term
| Are nouns ending in -ista masculine or feminine? |
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Definition
| either, depending in the gender of the person they indicate (285) |
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Term
| Name some nouns ending in "a" that are masculine. |
|
Definition
| poeta, programma, panorama, papa, problema, sistema (note: these nouns pluralize with an "i" (284) |
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Term
| What tense is the passato remoto similar to in meaning? |
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Definition
| the passato prossimo (295) |
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Term
| How do you form the passato remoto (regular verbs)? |
|
Definition
| drop the "re" from the infinitive and add the ending, except for lui/lei - drop the -are/-ere/-ere and add the ending (295) |
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Term
| What pattern do irregular passato remoto verbs follow? |
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Definition
| 1-3-3 - they are irregular in io, lui/lei, and loro (296) |
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Term
| How are the ordinal numbers formed? |
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Definition
| 1-10 are irregular; 11+ - drop the final vowel of the cardinal number and add -esimo. |
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Term
| Do ordinal numbers change? |
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Definition
| yes - as adjectives, they modify with the noun in gender and number. (298) |
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|
Term
| Where are ordinal numbers placed in relation to the noun? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| When ordinal numbers refer to royalty, popes, and centuries, how are they usually written? |
|
Definition
| As Roman Numerals following the noun eg: Louis XV (299) |
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Term
| How do you specify centuries from 1,200-1,900? |
|
Definition
| using ordinal numbers eg: 1200's = il tredicesimo secolo or il Duecento (299) |
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Term
| Which verbs are used to express "it takes time"? |
|
Definition
| volerci and metterci (301) |
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Term
| When do you use volerci and when do you use metterci? |
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Definition
| volerci = it takes time/resources; metterci = a person takes time (301) |
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|
Term
| Is volerci used in all persons? |
|
Definition
| no - only 3rd person (301) |
|
|
Term
| Is metterci used in all persons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which helper verb is used with volerci? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which helper verb is used with metterci? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does agreement work with volerci? |
|
Definition
| volerci agrees in number/gender with the object (301) |
|
|
Term
| How does agreement work with metterci? |
|
Definition
| metterci is an avere verbm so agreement doesn't apply, but the person modifies with the subject (301) |
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|
Term
| What "mood" are the presente, passato prossimo, imperfetto, trapassato, futuro and condizionale tenses in? |
|
Definition
| the indicative mood (311) |
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|
Term
| What does the congiuntivo mood express? |
|
Definition
| uncertainty, doubt, possibility, or personal feelings (311) |
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|
Term
| What generally precedes the subjunctive (congiuntivo) tense? |
|
Definition
| a main (independent) clause and the conjunction "che" (311) |
|
|
Term
| How do you form the congiuntivo presente? |
|
Definition
| add the appropriate ending to the present verb stem (311) |
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Term
| What us required with the congiuntivo presente in the singular, and why? |
|
Definition
| the subject pronoun, to distinguish the persons, because the endings for io, tu and lui/lei are all the same (311) |
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|
Term
| In the congiuntivo presente, which endings are the same for -are, -ere, and -ire verbs? |
|
Definition
| noi (-iamo) and voi (-iate) (312) |
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Term
| Name some verbs that are irregular in the congiuntivo presente. |
|
Definition
| andare, avere, bere, dare, dire, dovere, essere, fare, piacere, potere, sapere, stare, uscire, venire, volere (312) |
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Term
| How do you determine whether to use indicativo or congiuntivo in a dependent clause? |
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Definition
| Look at the initial (independent) clause to see if uncertainty is indicated (315) |
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Term
| Name some phrases that indicate certainty, and therefore take the indicative mood in the dependent clause. |
|
Definition
| so che, è vero che, sono sicuro/a che, sono certo/a che, vedo che, è ovvio che, riconosco che, dimostro che (315) |
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Term
| Name some expressions indicating emotion, and therefore take the congiuntivo mood in the dependent clause. |
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Definition
| sono contento/felice, mi (dis)piace, ho paura, preferisco, spero (315) |
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Term
| Name some expressions indicating opinion, doubt, or uncertainty, and therefore take the congiuntivo mood in the dependent clause. |
|
Definition
| credo, dubito, ho l'impressione, immagino, penso (315) |
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Term
| Name some expressions indicating a command or wish, and therefore take the congiuntivo mood in the dependent clause. |
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Definition
| chiedo, desidero, esigo, voglio (315) |
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