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| A collection of similar cells and their intracellular substances. |
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Any of a large group of monobasic acids, especially those found in animal and vegetable fats and oils. |
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| The storage form of fat made up of three fatty acids and a glycerol group. |
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| A polypeptide hormone functioning in the regulation of the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats, especially the conversion of glucose to glycogen, which lowers the blood glucose level. |
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| Principal circulating sugar in the blood and the major energy source of the body. |
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| Any of a large group of monobasic acids, especially those found in animal and vegetable fats and oils. |
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| Structure of the cell that stores glycogen and enzymes for glycogen breakdown and synthesis. |
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| Chemical process that converts lactate and pyruvate back into glucose. |
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| Glycolysis: The metabolic process that creates energy from the splitting of glucose to form pyruvic acid or lactic acid and ATP. |
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| Epithelium consisting of one or more cell layers, the most superficial of which is composed of flat, scalelike or platelike cells. |
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| Epithelial tissue consisting of one or more cell layers, the most superficial of which is composed of cube-shaped or somewhat prismatic cells. |
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| Epithelium consisting of one or more cell layers, the most superficial of which is composed of elongated and somewhat cylindrical cells projecting toward the surface. |
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| Of, relating to, affecting, or resembling a gland or its secretion. |
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Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. |
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| Connective tissue that connects bone to bone or bone to cartilage. |
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| Bodily system consisting of the skin and its associated structures, such as the hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. |
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| System consisting of bone and cartilage that supports and protects the body. |
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| Subsystem of the circulatory system, which protects the body against disease. |
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| Main excretory system of the body, which consists of the kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra. |
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| System consisting of gonads, associated ducts, and external genitals concerned with sexual reproduction. |
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| System consisting of the lungs and air passageways, which supplies oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide. |
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| An oxygen-transporting protein found in blood cells. |
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| The usable portion of the lungs. |
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| The amount of air that a person can process during one minute of vigorous exercise. |
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| The remainder of the air in the lungs after the usable lung volume has been measured. |
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| System consisting of the heart and blood vessels that serves as the transportation system. |
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| The fluid portion of blood. |
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| Blood cell that contains hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the bodily tissues; a biconcave disc that has no nucleus. Red blood cell. |
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| Cell whose primary function is to combat infections. |
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| Cytoplasmic body found in the blood plasma that functions to promote blood clotting. |
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| Capillary-rich air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. |
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| Principle that states that a gas will move across a semipermeable membrane (alveolar, capillary, etc.) from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. |
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| Pressure exerted on the walls of the blood vessels during the refilling of the heart. |
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| All of the chemical processes that take place in the body that are necessary for the maintenance of life. |
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| Occurring without the use of oxygen. |
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| Occurring with the use of oxygen, or requiring oxygen. |
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| The number of times the heart beats in one minute: 72 beats per minute for the average adult. |
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| The highest rate at which an individual is capable: 220 minus trainees’ age is equivalent to the maximum heart rate. |
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| Sympathetic nervous system |
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| An automatic system that speeds up most activities in the body. |
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| Two glands that release hormones that help the body to cope with stress. |
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The volume of blood pumped by one ventricle during one contraction. |
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| Left ventricle ejection fraction |
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| The percentage of blood inside the left ventricle pushed out into the body after contraction. |
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| The maximum usable portion of oxygen uptake. |
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| System consisting of the digestive tract and glands that secrete digestive juices into the digestive tract. Responsible for the breakdown of foods and waste elimination. |
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| The process of mechanical or chemical breakdown of food into absorbable molecules. |
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| A category of nutrients—including carbohydrates, proteins, and fats—that are present in foods in large amounts. |
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| System comprised of brain, spinal cord, sense organs and nerves. Regulates other systems. |
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| A brief reversal of the membrane potential that sweeps along the membrane of a neuron. |
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| System comprised of the brain and spinal column. |
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| Peripheral nervous system |
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| Relays messages from the CNS to the body (the efferent system), and relays messages to the CNS (the afferent system) from the body. |
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| System designed to cause action; consists of the somatic and autonomic systems. |
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| System responsible for voluntary action. |
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| System that processes and activates involuntary action. |
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| The part of the PNS that sends messages to the CNS. |
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| The shortening of a muscle or increase in tension. |
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| System consisting of the glands and tissues that release hormones. It works with the nervous system in regulating metabolic activities. |
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| A hormone produced by the pancreas that stimulates an increase in blood sugar levels, thus opposing the action of insulin. |
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| Process describing the cleavage of glucose from the glycogen molecule. |
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| Growth hormone (HGH or hGH) |
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Definition
| A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that affects skeletal growth rate and bodily weight gain. |
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| A hormone produced by the adrenal gland that causes the “flight or fight” response |
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| A corticosteroid that causes a breakdown of protein in muscles. |
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| An abnormal increase of ketone bodies in the body; usually the result of a low-carbohydrate diet, fasting or starvation. |
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