Term
| 1. What river in Europe divides the glaciated and unglaciated portions of Europe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2. What damaged forest in Poland and the Czech republic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3. Compare the environmental conditions of Western and Eastern Europe. |
|
Definition
Western= most green
Eastern=significant environmental issues |
|
|
Term
| Countries in the European Lowland. |
|
Definition
| Netherlands, Germany,Denmark Poland, Belgium and France. |
|
|
Term
| 7. What are the sources of European environmental problems? |
|
Definition
| Agriculture, resource-extraction, industrial manufacturing, and Urbanization have created air and water pollution and acid rain |
|
|
Term
| 8. Mountain range between France and Spain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 9. Why is the environment diverse in Europe? |
|
Definition
10. Geology is complex and contains both new and old landscapes
11. Europe goes from Arctic to Mediterranean, therefore wide variety of climates, vegetation and human activities
12. Possible harsh climates are moderated by the Atlantic Ocean, Black, Baltic and Meditteranean Seas
a. Modification of latitudinal controls by land and water interaction
13. Human settlement has modified the natural landscape over thousands of years |
|
|
Term
| 14. The mountain range in the spine of Italy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 15. How large is Europe compared to the U.S.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 16. Location in Europe of agriculture, large cities and industry? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 17. Mediterranean climate? |
|
Definition
| 18. Mediterranean climate characterized by dry summer and wet winter |
|
|
Term
| 19. What progress has Europe made in meeting the Kyoto protocol requirements? |
|
Definition
| Europe is projected to miss the 8% reduction and has only accomplished a 1% reduction. Increase truck traffic is blamed |
|
|
Term
| 20. Population of Europe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 22. Country with the largest population of Europe? |
|
Definition
| a. Germany has largest population (81.6 million) |
|
|
Term
| 23. country with a large number of guest workers? |
|
Definition
| 1. “Guest worker” program (Gastarbeiter) in Germany (mostly Turks) |
|
|
Term
| 24. What event lead to a large amount of immigration to Europe in the 1990s? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 25. Where do most immigrants to France come from? |
|
Definition
| Former colonies in both northern and Sub-Saharan Africa |
|
|
Term
| 27. What to these names identify? Rhine, Loire, Thames, Danube, and Elbe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 28. Why did Jewish people move to the Iberian peninsula in the 900s? |
|
Definition
| Jews expelled from Palestine during Roman Empire, settled in Moorish (Islamic) Spain (Muslims were more tolerant of Jews than were Christians) |
|
|
Term
| 29. Why factor is an important in determining if a Slavic language uses a Latin or Cyrillic alphabet? |
|
Definition
a. Division in 1054 A.D. of Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches; Greek missionaries refused rule by Roman bishops
b. Roman Catholics - Latin alphabet; Eastern Orthodox - Cyrillic |
|
|
Term
| 30. Where do most German guest workers come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 31. Country in Europe with a larger Muslim population? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 32. Name for fragmented geopolitical processes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| North Atlantic trade organization |
|
|
Term
| 34. What are the the historical eras of European City landscapes? |
|
Definition
a. Medieval (900-1500 A.D.) – densely settled, buildings next to streets; green space only near churches and public squares
b. Renaissance-Baroque (1500-1800) – wider streets, large gardens, Monuments, open space; ornate architecture
c. Industrial (1800-present) – walls, fortifications removed: industrial areas build on edge of cities; urban sprawl developed |
|
|
Term
| 35. What is supranationalism? |
|
Definition
| a. 3 or more countries joining together, giving up sovereignty for a common purpose. |
|
|
Term
| 36. How far did the Ottoman Empire expand to the west? |
|
Definition
| 15 degrees east longitude, in Croatia |
|
|
Term
| 37. Geopolitical unit invented in Europe? |
|
Definition
38. Europe invented the nation-state (a relatively homogenous cultural group (nation) with its own political territory (state); fostered by ethnic and cultural nationalism) - printing press
Or
EU
Or
Autonomous areas: minor political sub-units designed to recognize special status of minority groups within existing republics |
|
|
Term
| 39. What is secularization? |
|
Definition
| move from traditional organized religion |
|
|
Term
| 40. Reclaiming lost lands or lands inhabited by people of the same ethnicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 41. Events that occurred as a result of the end of the Cold War? |
|
Definition
a. Divided Germany is reunified in 1990
i. Berlin Wall removed
b. Yugoslavia is fragmented
i. Largely based on ethnic background and religion
c. Czechoslovakia is split into two countries
i. Peaceful separation
d. Migration of people from Eastern Europe and Russia into Western Europe |
|
|
Term
| 42. Metaphorical name given to the line between West Europe and the Soviet block? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 43. Economic in WWII centered on what commodity? |
|
Definition
marshal plan rebuilld western europe
coal &steel |
|
|
Term
| 44. Where does natural gas come from to supply Europe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 45. European country with the highest level of poverty? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 46. What milestone occurred in Europe in 2007? |
|
Definition
| a. Treaty of Lisbon is passed creating the EU Constitution |
|
|
Term
| 47. Where has Russia dumped their waste? |
|
Definition
| a. unregulated dumping of nuclear wastes in Arctic Sea |
|
|
Term
| 48. What physical features is the traditional boundary between Europe and the western edge of the Russian Domain? |
|
Definition
| The Caucasus and Transcaucasia |
|
|
Term
| Body of water in Russia with the world’s largest reserves of fresh water? |
|
Definition
| pulp and paper factories polluted Lake Baikal (1950s-60s) Lake Baikal is the worlds largest reserve of fresh water |
|
|
Term
| 50. Type of pollution that has damaged Lake Baikal? |
|
Definition
| Pulp and paper factories polluted it |
|
|
Term
| 51. Effects of climate change on Russia? |
|
Definition
Global climate change may change agricultural
A more mild climate that is better for growing crops. |
|
|
Term
| 52. Why does the authors use the term “Russia Domain”? |
|
Definition
| This region includes Russia and its neighboring states of Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, and Armenia |
|
|
Term
| 53. Area in Russian domain with best agriculture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 54. Distinct character of Russia? |
|
Definition
| 55. Russia is the largest country (in land area) on Earth; it spans 9 time zones |
|
|
Term
| 56. Where Caucasus mountains? |
|
Definition
| Mountains form Russia's southern boundary, between the Black and Caspian seas |
|
|
Term
| 58. What is the pattern of population growth in Russia the since 1990s? |
|
Definition
| Declining:
-Lower birth rates, higher death rates. |
|
|
Term
| 59. What is Chernobyl known for? |
|
Definition
| a. Russia has many old nuclear reactors major nuclear accidents: 1986 meltdown in Chernobyl (Belarus); another in 1956 |
|
|
Term
| 60. Characteristics of a high-latitude continental climate? |
|
Definition
| . D climates have large temperature extremes and a short growing season. |
|
|
Term
| 61. Population of Russian domain? |
|
Definition
| 200+ million residents, most in cities (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Transcaucasia) |
|
|
Term
| 62. Characteristics of the Trans Siberian Railroad? |
|
Definition
Industrial cities along Trans-Siberian Railroad (1904), Trans-Siberian Railroad encouraged eastward move
ii. Political Motives
a. Infill in Siberia
b. Political dissidents sent to Siberia (Gulag Archipelago |
|
|
Term
| Population of Russia could decrease to what in 2030? |
|
Definition
| . Population of Russia projected to decline by 45 million people by 2050 |
|
|
Term
| 64. Why does European Russia have a larger population than Asian Russia? |
|
Definition
65. Area of largest population concentration
66. Considered to be the “Core Area” of Russia
67. Most productive Agriculture area (Ukraine)
68. Contains Russia’s largest cities, biggest industrial centers, farms |
|
|
Term
| 69. Demographic characteristics of Russia? |
|
Definition
70. General population decline caused by low birth rates and rising death (mortality) rates, especially among middle-aged males
71. b. Causes:
72. i. fraying social fabric (vodka)
73. ii. Economic uncertainty
74. iii. Declining health among women of child-bearing age
75. iv. Stress related diseases
76. v. rising murder and suicide
77. vi. Toxic environments |
|
|
Term
| 78. What are mikrorayons? |
|
Definition
| Self-contained housing projects of 1970s/80s |
|
|
Term
| 79. Place of origin of the Russian Empire? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 80. What was the capital of Russia in 1917? |
|
Definition
| After revolution in 1917 capital is Moscow. Before 1917 St, peterburg |
|
|
Term
| 81. The policy of Russification after the breakup of the Soviet Union? |
|
Definition
. Russification often reversed in post-Soviet era
(Russification:
a. Soviet policy moved Russians into non-Russian portions of U.S.S.R to increase Russian dominance in those areas;
b. Russians are a significant minority in former Soviet republics) |
|
|
Term
| 83. After the breakup of the Soviet Union who left? |
|
Definition
84. “Brain Drain” to other countries
85. ii. Jewish Russians move to Israel or U.S.
86. iii. Mail-order Ukrainian brides to the U.S.
87. iv. Russian-born Finns move to Finland
88. vii. The Urban Attraction
89. a. Marxist philosophy of Soviet planners encouraged migration to cities
90. b. Soviets planned cities, limited population levels and regulated migration
91. c. In post-Soviet era, Russian citizens have greater freedom of movement;
92. d. many older industrial areas are now losing population
93. VI. Russian Cities |
|
|
Term
| 94. Current name of Leningrad? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 95. Architecture of St. Petersburg. |
|
Definition
| 96. e. St. Petersburg was a new city with buildings designed in a more European style |
|
|
Term
| 97. Original founders of Russia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 98. In the 1900s Russian emulated what other culture? |
|
Definition
| Strong traditions, influenced by Western Europe (France) |
|
|
Term
| 100. Policy of Russia regarding religion? |
|
Definition
101. Soviets prohibited religion
102. b. religious revival underway now
103. c. Eastern Orthodox Christianity most common
104. d. Non-Christian religions
105. i. 20-25 million Sunni Muslims live in the North Caucasus
106. ii. Over 1 million Jews, mostly in larger western cities |
|
|
Term
| 107. What illegal immigrants are coming into Russia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 108. Native of Ukraine that help expand Russia in the west. |
|
Definition
| ? westward expansion slow (Cossacks) |
|
|
Term
| 110. Why did Russia invade Chechnya in 1994? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 111. Person that was the main architect of the Soviet Union? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 112. Democracy in post Soviet era? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 113. What country invaded Georgia in 2008? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 114. Primary destination of Russian petroleum products? |
|
Definition
| 115. ii. Primary destination for Russian petroleum products is western Europe |
|
|
Term
| 116. Status of the Russian economy after Soviet Union? |
|
Definition
The region has replaced its communist system with a mix of state-run operations and private enterprise
b. Redefining Regional Economic Ties
i. Independent republics negotiate for needed resources with Russia and each other rather than accept centralized control
ii. Russia continues to dominate the region’s economy
c. Privatization and Economic Uncertainty
i. Russia removed price controls in 1992
ii. sold state-owned business to private investors in 1993
iii. Higher prices, lack of legal safeguards created problems
iv. Agriculture still struggles, in part due to
a. harsh climate,
b. landforms
v. Many people see little economic gain from changes
d. After economic decline of 40& in the 1990s,
e. Russias economy stabilized in 2000 and 2004;
f. higher oil and gas prices help Russia |
|
|
Term
| 117. Reason for relatively clean environment in Central Asia. |
|
Definition
| 118. Relatively clean environment due to low population density and low economic development |
|
|
Term
| 119. Reason for the shrinking of the Aral Sea? |
|
Definition
i. Use of water from rivers feeding the sea for irrigation, part of Soviet program in the 1950s
ii. 60% of the sea’s total volume has disappeared
iii. Economic and cultural damages |
|
|
Term
| 120. Location of worst oil pollution in central Asia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 121. What led to nomadic pastoralism in Central Asia? |
|
Definition
| Domestication of the horse spurred nomadic pastoralism (4000 B.C.), provided milittry advantages over sedentary peoples |
|
|
Term
| 122. Central Asian lake that is the largest in the world? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 123. Why are the Aral and Caspian Seas not really seas? |
|
Definition
| i. Aral Sea and Caspian Sea are considered to be lakes because there is no outlet to an Ocean |
|
|
Term
| 124. Largest number of migrants to Tibet and Western China? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 125. Name of the felt covered structure Mongolians live in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 126. Language related to Tajik? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 127. What deserts are found in Central Asia? |
|
Definition
a. Kara Kum and Kyzyl Kum Deserts
b. Taklamakan Desert in the Tarim Basin,
c. Gobi desert |
|
|
Term
| 128. Lowest elevation of the Tibetan plateau?.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 129. Religion of Uyghurs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 130. What geologic event created the mountains of Central Asia? |
|
Definition
| i. Formed by the collision of Indian subcontinent into Asian mainland |
|
|
Term
| 131. Central Asian country never colonized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 132. What was the source of military dominace in Central Asia prior to 1700? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 133. What is the only feasible way of life in the Tibetan plateau? |
|
Definition
| using the many Rivers
living off the land |
|
|
Term
| 134. Country in Central Asia with Russian and U.S. military bases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 135. What change in Central Asia to allow farmer to defeat nomads? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 136. What countries are trying to influence central asia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 137. World’s largest producer of opium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 138. Where do most Central Asians live? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 139. Central Asian country with worlds largest oil deposits? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 141. Central Asian city called the Rome of the East? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1. Central Asia is a dry region dominated by desert and steppe climates. Arid conditions prevail even in the highlands (“H”)
2. Central Asia is located in the interior of a large continent; its continental climate is characterized by significant differences between summer and winter temperatures. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people who raise livestock for subsistence purposes (the yak is common in Central Asia) |
|
|
Term
| 2. Highlands Population and Subsistence Patterns |
|
Definition
a. Only sparse vegetation can survive in this region
i. Transhumance: seasonal movement of flocks from winter to summer pastures/meadows |
|
|
Term
| 3. Lowland Population and Subsistence Patterns |
|
Definition
a. Most of the population concentrated in zone where highlands meet the plains
i. Alluvial fans: fan-shaped deposits of sediments dropped by streams flowing out of the mountains; a fertile area
ii. Loess: fertile, silty soil deposited by the wind |
|
|
Term
| Domestication of the horse spurred nomadic pastoralism (4000 B.C.), provided milittry advantages over sedentary peoples |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Earliest languages in Central Asia were Indo-European |
|
Definition
| Replaced by Altaic (Turkish and Mongolian) |
|
|
Term
| . Afghanistan never colonized by outside powers; became a country in 1700s under Pashtun leadership (Pashtuns are 40%-60% of Afghan people) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a. Pashtuns adopt a stricter interpretation of Islam |
|
Definition
| b. Kazaks are more lax in their interpretation of Islam |
|
|
Term
| 3. Turkmenistan (another oil exporter) and Mongolia and Kyrgyzstan (more open economies) attract more investment than Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, or Afghanistan. Overall, the region is not well connected with the global economy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| i. Around 60% of the non-Han people of Xinjiang are illiterate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 9. Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, and Poland less fertile soils due to glaciation |
|
Definition
| 10. Belgium and France, no glaciation, better soils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protected and reclaimed landscapes; dikes, windmills, pumps prevent flooding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Alps, Pyrenees, Apennines, Dinaric Alps, Carpathians and Balkans
2. Alps stretch from France to Austria and forms the boundary between Mediterranean Europe and Northern Europe - Not a significant barrier
3. Pyrenees form the political boundary between Spain and France – home of the Basque people
4. Apennines form spine of Italy. Location of Mt. Vesuvius and Mt. Etna.
5. Carpathians are eastern end of the Alpine system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Between European Lowland and Alps
2. Resource laden coal, Iron ore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Rugged north and west
2. Portugal, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, and part of Finland
3. Less dense population |
|
|
Term
| VII. Climate zones europe |
|
Definition
1. Largely C climates (humid temperate)
a. maritime climate moderated by Atlantic Ocean
2. B climates in the south (Iberian Peninsula-Subtropical Steppe)
3. D climates in the north and east (continental climate)
4. Rhine river is approximate boundary between C and D climates
5. Mediterranean climate characterized by dry summer and wet winter |
|
|
Term
| 1. Five major seas surround Europe. |
|
Definition
a. Baltic
b. North
c. Atlantic
d. Mediterranean
e. Black |
|
|
Term
| 2. Rivers flowing into the Atlantic |
|
Definition
| a. Loire, Seine, Thames, Rhine, Elbe, and Vistula. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Impacts on Europe
a. Dwindling Sea Ice
b. Melting Glaciers
c. Sparse snow cover in Scandinavia
2. Drought in Mediterranean
3. Rising Sea levels may impact low countries (Belgium, Netherlands)
4. Increased heat waves affecting agriculture and residents |
|
|
Term
a. East Europe: Ottoman Turks brought Islam to Balkans (almost to Vienna Austria)
b. Western Europe: Moors (Moroccans) brought Islam to Spain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 6. 1930s (Depression Era): 3 ideologies emerged |
|
Definition
| 1)Western democracy and capitalism. (2)Soviet-style communism, (3Fascist totalitarianism in Germany and Italy |
|
|
Term
1. Cold War Geography (1946-1991)
a. USSR (Russia) occupied countries of E Europe to create a buffer zone (region to protect Russia from further European invasion)
b. Western Allies occupied Western Europe; the 2 groups divided Berlin, Germany |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a. The Marshall Plan helped rebuild Western Europe after WWII |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
6. The Russian Domain has had extremely rapid political and economic change since 1991
7. centrally planned economy changed to capitalism
8. authoritarian dictatorship to democracy (?)
9. commitment to democracy uncertain, nationalists movements threaten Georgia, Armenia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| European Russia, Ukraine and Belarus on the west, to Ural Mountains on the east |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
. Ural Mountains separate European Russia from Siberia low mountains with cold, dry climates
b. Siberia thousands of miles, cold climate, little precipitation
c. Western Siberia contains worlds largest wetland area, about the size of the US.
d. Lake Baikal (world’s largest freshwater lake – 400 mi. long, nearly a mile deep, with unique species)
e. Contains tundra, taiga (boreal forest), and permafrost
a. Tundra
i. Tundra is a biome where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons.
ii. In a tundra, the vegetation is composed of dwarf shrubs, sedges and grasses, mosses and lichens. Scattered trees in some tundras.
b. Taiga (Boreal Forest)
i. Biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting of pines, spruces and larches.
ii. Worlds largest terrestrial biome. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
. Largely high latitude continental climate (D)
b. Some semi-arid climate in the south (B)
c. D climates have large temperature extremes and a short growing season.
e. BSK climate is the location of grassland steppe – route used for movement and invasion of mountain people in the area |
|
|
Term
| . Moscow – originally small municipality where Russia begins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| By 1900, Russians were found from St. Petersburg (on the Baltic) to Vladivostok (on the Sea of Japan) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Union republics encouraged ethnic identification
ii. Glasnost: greater openness; Perestroika: economic restructuring
iii. 1991: all 15 Union Republics gained independence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Russia recently joined the “Group of Seven” (G-7)
a. Other members: U.S., Canada, Japan, Germany, Great Britain, France, Italy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Soviet industry more successful than its agriculture
i. Soviets added major industrial zones, many near energy sources and metals
ii. Moscow had fewer raw materials,
a. had some of Russia’s best infrastructure
b. large pool of skilled labor,
c. and demand for industrial products
b. Soviets developed a good transportation and communication infrastructure
c. Soviets made
i. literacy virtually universal,
ii. health care readily available;
iii. eliminated the worst of the poverty |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Russia has 35% of the world’s natural gas reserves
a. Mostly in Siberia
b. World’s largest gas exporter |
|
Definition
|
|
