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Hasan al-Basri's school of thought (d.
110/728); human power (qudra) over own actions (free will), thus control own destiny (qadar) (vs. Jabriyya= predestinarians) |
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| 624. The first major battle agaisnt the Mecans. The Mecans confront the Umma about raids at a watering hole Badr, an the Muslims win a surprising and decisive victory |
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| 625. Second major battle with Meccans. Muslims almost won but last moment were soundly crushed. |
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| 627. Meccans besiege Medina and the Muslims are able to outlast them by building a trench around Yathrib |
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| 628. Muslims take Khaybar, an oasis controlled by the Jews. This ends up being the basis for the jiza, or tax, on non-muslims |
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| There is no god but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God |
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| 632-634 First Caliph. presided over the Ridda Wars and the start of conquest of Syria |
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| 644-656 Second Caliph. Completed conquest of Syria (sealed by the decisive Battle of Yarmouk). Starts conquest of Egypt, Persia. Builds Fustat |
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| 644-656 Third Caliph. Was assassinated, but his killers were not thought to be adequately punished by some leading to the Fitna. |
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| 656-661 Muawiyah didn't recognize Ali's caliphate. many people were supportive of Ali from the beginning and thought he should have been the Caliph instead of Abu-Bakr |
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| Islamic civil war. Comes from the term "to smelt" and has connotations of distress and peril. |
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| 656. Aisha's forces centered in Basra met with Ali's forces. Aisha rode into the battle on a camel, hence the name of the battle. Ali's forces win |
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| 661-680. Governor of Syria and first Umayyad Caliph. Fought with Ali at the Battle of Safin. Has a failed siege against Constantinople and takes north africa |
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| Mu'awiya battles Ali over the punishment of Uthman's murderers, and it ends in a draw, with both sending out arbitrators to decide who should have control. The arbitrators decide that neither party should have control and that an election should take place. Ali ultimately ignores the decision. |
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| A group of separatists who were unhappy that Ali decided to submit to arbitration. They declared that arbitration belonged solely to God as determined by victorious battles. They had policies of killing sinners. |
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| died 680. refused to pledge aligence to Yazid I. He was beheaded during the Battle of Karbala on route to Kufa to help head a revolt. His beheading was seen as cruel and helped create the dissent that lead to the overthrow of the Umayyads. Mukhtar leads a revolt after to protest his death. |
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685-705
1. Government bureaus Arabized
2. Arabic script revised
3. Coinage minted and Islamized
4. Weights and measures standardized
Took Andalusia and Sind |
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| 717-720. pious and respected caliph who attempted to preserve the integrity of the Muslim Umayyad caliphate (661–750) by emphasizing religion and a return to the original principles of the Islamic faith. Gave converts the same fiscal rights as Arabs |
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| 724-743. Too little too late to change popular sentiment of Umayyad rule. supported education, enforced Sharia. ruled during the great Berber revolt |
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| (d.780)Fled from the Abbasid purge of Umayyads to Andalusia and was the first amir of the Andalusian Spain Amirite. |
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| 661-750. Second caliphate. Saw much of the expansion of the empire. conquered North Africa, Afghanistan, Sind, Andalusia, and Armenia |
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| 750-754. First Abbasid caliph. Name is an allusion to the mahdi. Moved the capital to Kufa. Killed all of the Umayyads (except for al-Rahman) |
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| 754-775. Second Abbasid caliph (but first big name). Founded Madinat as-Salam (which turned into Baghdad). Assassinated Abu-Muslim. Adopted Persian court ritual. |
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| 775-785. Third Abbasid caliph. |
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| 754-775. Second Abbasid caliph (but first big name). Founded Madinat as-Salam (which turned into Baghdad). Assassinated Abu-Muslim. Adopted Persian court ritual. |
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| 775-785. Third Abbasid caliph. |
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| 786-809. 5th Abbasid caliph. Founded the Bayt al-Hikma. Killed the 7th Imam. split the empire into two (one for each son, al-Amin and al-Ma'mun) upon his death |
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| 813-833. Abbasid caliph. Famous for the mihna |
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| 833-842. Abbasid caliph. Introduced turkish Mamluks at Samarra. continued the Mihna. |
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| 847-861. Abbasid caliph. Ends the mihna. builds Great Mosque of Samarra. |
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| 869-883. African agricultural salves revolted due to poor treatment and take control of Basra and several important trade routes. Also had a tax impact on the Abbasids |
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| 935. took control of Fars, then Baghdad, and had political control of the Abbasid caliphate, but left the Abbasids in as figureheads. |
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| 909-1171. Isma'ili caliphate in north Africa. Tended to be very tolerant and ran for much of their history as a meritocracy. |
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| 909-934. founder of the Fatimid caliphate and the city of Mahdia. |
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| 739–743. The Berbers (motivated by Kajirites) revolt against the Umayyads and declare independence. The Ummayds never fully take back Ifrica |
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| 934-946. Second Fatimid caliph. Ruled during the revolt of abu-Yazid |
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| 946-953. Third Fatimid Caliph. Put down the revolt of abu-Yazid and took back Sicily. |
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| 953-975. Fourth Fatimid caliph. Conquered Egypt and moved the capital to Cairo. |
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| Abū Ḥanīfa's school of thought (d. 150/767); ‘Suspenders of judgment’: said that profession of faith=muslim and that only God can judge peoples actions (so humans cant say doing x makes you no longer muslim) |
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Wāṣil b. ʿAṭāʾs school of thought (d. 131/748); professors of God’s “unity and
justice”; claimed Quran is created and that reason can be used to understand it. 5 principals of Monotheism, divine justice, the promise and the warning,the intermediate position (of sinners who dont repent), command the good and forbid the evil |
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| Ashʿārī's school of thought (d. 936). theory of “acquisition” of actions (kasb), and “without asking how” regarding God’s attributes (bilā kayf). Rejected individual reasoning for scholarly consensus. |
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| major sin constitutes disbelief and is punishable by death. |
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mostly rationalistic, similar to
Muʿtazilis, but differ on principle of
figurative interpretation; say there is a
deeper inner (literal) meaning that the
Imam can explicate. |
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| Shari’a-mandated punishments for crimes |
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| Sunni school law school started by Abu Hanifa (d.767). places a greater emphasis on reason than other schools |
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| Sunni school of law started by Malik (d.796) Relied on the practices of Medina as a legal source. |
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| Sunni school of law started by Shafi’i (d.820). emphasizes proper derivation of laws through the rigorous application of legal principles as opposed to speculation or conjecture. |
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| Sunni school of law started by Ibn Hanbal (d.855) regards Sunnah as generally more important than other schools. rejects consensus as a general method of lawmaking. |
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Hasan al-Basri (d./728)
Rabi’a al-Adawiyya (d. 801)
Dhu al-Nun d. 859
Bistami d. 874
Harith al-Muhasibi d. 857
Sahl al-Tustari d. 896
Junayd d. 910
Hallaj d. 922
Niffari d. 965 |
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| Genre of pre-Islamic poetry known for being the best poems that were hung on the Ka'ba. Poets such as Imruʾ al-Qays, Labid, Nabigha, and others |
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| Genre of pre-Islamic poetry depicting those who were kicked out of their tribes. poets such as Shanfara, Ta’abbata Sharran, Urwa |
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| New forms: zajal (colloquial), muwashshaḥāt (mixed classical Arabic and Romance) |
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| Oration. pre-Islamic, early islamic, and early Umayyad. |
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Literary Epistle. Late Ummayad
Abd al-Hamid al-Katib (d. 750)
Ibn al-Muqaffa (d. c. 757) |
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| ceramic with a metallic sheen of Abbasid Iraq and Fatimid Egypt |
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| the spiral minaret of Great Mosque of Samarra, built by al-Mutawwakil in 848 |
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| the Dome of the Rock, the octagonal shrine in Jerusalem |
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| Iranian city of 9th-10th c. near Persepolis |
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| (d. 950) Famous Islamic political philosopher. represented religion as a symbolic rendering of truth, and, like Plato, saw it as the duty of the philosopher to provide guidance to the state. |
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| Niche that indicates the qibla (direction of Mecca) |
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| chief official in a given governmental ministry. |
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| sufi subsistence in God after having achived fana |
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The legal school of Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq. Allows for ijtihād, or independent reasoning.
key jurist: Kulayni (d. 941) |
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poetic anothologies
Jahiz (d. 868)
Ibn Qutayba (d. 889)
Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih (d. 940)
Abū al-Faraj al-Isfahānī (d. c. 967) |
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| key jurist: Qadi al-Nu’man (d. 974) |
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| (d. 873) Assyrian christian master translator of the Abbasid Caliphate. |
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