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| shrines (from satanic verses) |
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| One of the many names of god, literally means "the merciful" |
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| God's messenger and the profit |
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| The Meccan tribe of Muhammad; Chief opponent of M for most of his life |
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| M's father lit. "God's slave" |
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| M's uncle and his guardian after his parents died |
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| M's wife; 1st to accept Islam |
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| wife of M; favorite wife; final prophet of Islam |
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| M's nephew who he referred to as the son he never had |
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| M's Uncle; the enemy of Islam |
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| M's friend early convert to Islam in Mecca; 1st Caliph |
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| opponent who converted; 2nd Caliph of Islam |
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| Jewish clan; surrendered all arms homes and property to M |
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| jewish clan 3rd and final rival after Quynuqa |
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| Jewish tribe; angel gabriel told M that they were plotting to kill him |
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| Western area of Arabian peninsula where Mecca and Medina are found |
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| Medina; city of the 1st capitol of Islam where M died |
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| A city Muslims are required to take a pilgrimage to; where M was born |
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| battle in 624 most significant; turning point |
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| battle in 625; worst muslim encounter ever |
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| battle in 628 "the ditch" |
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| pre-Islamic era of "barbaric ignorance" |
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| poet M was inspired by a Sha ir |
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| virtue, honor, manliness, bravery in battle |
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| "the recitation" holy book of islam |
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| "report" communicates a sunnah of M |
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| "helpers" Medinans who joined M and his Meccan followers to establish the Umma |
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| immigrants who came to Medinah to help M |
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| "the bearing witness" to God's unity and M's messengerhood |
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| striving, exertion especcially in the religious path or holy war |
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| the pilgrimage to Mecca 5th of 5 pillars |
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| emigration from Mecca to Medina in 622AD/ 1 AH |
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| "understanding" of the law; Islamic jursiprudence |
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| the learned class of religious and legal scholars |
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| "intention" especially before and ritual/act. proper intention makes the act/ritual valid and meaningful |
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| Islamic "judge"; binding judgments |
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| Islamic scholar who is interpreter of the law |
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| legal decision making and argumentation by means of analogy, past injunctions to form new injunctions |
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| the process of making legal decisions by independent lnterpretation of legal sources |
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| "consensus" of the ummah (community of Muslims or followers of Islam) |
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| declaration of faith, testimony of the oneness of God |
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| the formal prayer worship service 5 times a day |
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| fasting during Ramadan dusk til dawn |
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| the niche in the wall indicating the direction of Mecca |
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| The partial ablution before certain rituals such as salat |
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| the full ablution, entailing a full ritual bath, after major hadath |
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| ritual ablution by means of clean earth (sand, dust) instead of water. Allowable only under certain circumstances |
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| the first dynasty of caliphs of the prophet M 661-750 |
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| seized power in 750, 2nd of the great Sunni dynasties of the Islamic Empire |
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| 2nd largest of the 4 schools of Islam; uses the practice of the people of Medina as a source |
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| Largest of the schools; considered to be more liberal |
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| more conservative of the schools of Islamic jurisprudence |
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| the sternly puritanical reform movement founded in Arabia in the 18th Cent. |
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| festival celebrated during hajj. Represents day when Abraham was ready to sacrifice his son in the name of God, angel stopped him and sacrificed a lamb instead |
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| festival that ends the fast of Ramadan |
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| where pilgrims congregate on the 9th day of their pilgrimage during hajj |
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| "speech" esp. on religious matters |
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| ones who practice the celebrated "rationalist" school of Kalam whose name comes from the meaning "to stand aloof" |
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| contrast with the Mutazilites, answer questions about anthropomorphism, god has hands, feet, body etc. but it is without asking how |
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| stresses self determination and full accountabilit, movement was 1st step toward liberation from traditional notions |
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| "justice" appointing what is just, equalizing |
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| maintaining god's unity. Central theological fundamental idea of Islamic religion |
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| "faith" a religious virtue that is more highly regarded by the Qur'an than Islam, "surrender" .. having iman means one has faith in six aspects of Iman, including Allah, day of judgement, angels, divine guidance, prophets, and fate (everything happens for a reason) |
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1. Imam signifies the leader, and in its highest form, refers to the head of the Islamic state.
2. It is also used with reference to the founders of the different systems of theology and law in Islam.
3. A person who leads the prayer. |
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| Arab theologian, was born at Medina. He himself was a great supporter of orthodoxy and the most important representative of asceticism in the time of its first development. With him fear is the basis of morality, and sadness the characteristic of his religion. Life is only a pilgrimage, and comfort must be denied to subdue the passions. |
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| an early Islamic leader. He is seen by Sunni Muslims as the fourth and last of the Khulafā’ ar-Rāshidūn (Rightly Guided Caliphs). Shi'a Muslims consider him the First Imam appointed by Muhammad and the first rightful caliph. |
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| was the son of Ali ibn Abu Talib and Fatima Zahra, and the first grandson of Muhammad. He is considered the second Shia Imam by most Shi'a Muslim sects; other sects accept his brother Husayn ibn Ali as the second Shia Imam. Nonetheless, he is an important figure in both Sunni and Shi'a Islam as a member of the Ahl al-Bayt, the household of Muhammad. |
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| was the grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. His mother was Muhammad's daughter Fatima Zahra and his father was Muhammad's cousin, Ali ibn Abu Talib. Husayn is revered as the Third Imam by most Shi'as and the Second Imam by some Shi'a sects. He is also respected by Sunnis because he belonged to the household of Muhammad, the Ahl al-Bayt. He was martyred at the Battle of Karbala in 680 CE. The anniversary of his death is called Ashura and it is a day of mourning and religious observance for Shi'a Muslims. |
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| is considered the sixth Shi'a imam by Twelver Shi'a Muslims. He was a theologian and jurist. His rulings are the basis of the Jafari school of Shi'a jurisprudence (fiqh); but he is well respected by Sunnis for his contributions to the Sunni scholarship as well. The dispute over who was to succeed him led to the split of the Ismailis from the mainstream Twelver Shi'a and the establishment of the Aga Khans' family line |
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| was the eleventh Shia Imam. His given name was Hasan ibn Ali ibn Muhammad. He was very knowledgeable and despite being confined to house arrest for almost his entire life, Hasan al-Askari was able to teach others about Islam, and even compiled a commentary on the Qur'an that would be used by later scholars. |
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| a location in Saudi Arabia half-way between Mecca and Medina of 200 miles. It is historically famous for an event in which Shi'a Muslims believe Mohammad to have verified the appointment of Ali as his successor, during a sermon in which he recited the Hadith of the pond of Khumm. |
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| is a city in Iraq, located about 100 km southwest of Baghdad at 32.61°N, 44.08°E. The name Karbala is Arabic for "Soft Earth". In the time of Hussayn ibn ˤAlī's life, the place was also known as al-Ghadiriya, Nainawa, and Shathi'ul-Furat. The estimated population in 2003 was 572,300 people. It is the capital of Al Karbala Province. Shīˤa Muslims consider it to be one of the holiest places in the world (after Mecca, Medina and Najaf). The city is best known as the location of the Battle of Karbala. |
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