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| Helpers; Medinans who helped Muhammad relocate from Mecca to Medina. They were joined by Muhammad and his companions after the Hijrah. |
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| A successor of the prophet Muhammad. The first caliph was Abu Bakr. The ideal of Islam is that religion and state are not separated. |
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| A client of the Muslims. In exchange for protection, the non- Muslims agreed to certain conditions of subservience to Muslims. Jews and Christians were often dhimmis of Muslim rulers. |
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| Reports of what Muhammad said or did; examples for faithful Muslims to follow. The Sunna are the traditions of the prophet in the literary form of hadith- reports. |
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| The pilgrimage to Mecca, expected of all Muslims who are able. |
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| In Arabia, prior to Muhammad’s recitations, a person who worshiped one God. Waraqa Ibn Nawfal, a kinsman of Khadijah, was a hanif. |
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| Muhammad’s migration from Mecca to Yathrib (Medina) in 622. He and Abu Bakr made the journey in less than the normal eleven days. |
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| The consecrated state in which Muslims perform the Hajj. Muslims abstain from sex, perfume, hunting, and other things during the pilgrimage to Mecca. |
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| The consensus of Muslim religious leaders on matters of practice. |
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| The cube- shaped building of stone in the open court of the Grand Mosque of Mecca. In Islamic tradition, the first Ka’bah was built by Abraham and Ishmael. |
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| The niche in a mosque that signifies the direction of Mecca. Muslims face Mecca when they pray. |
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| One who calls Muslims to prayer. Muhammad preferred the human voice to the Christian use of bells. |
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| The sacred scripture of the Muslims, regarded as the word of God dictated to Muhammad by God through the archangel Gabriel. The Prophet received and recited the messages over approximately twenty years. |
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| Obligatory prayer five times daily. |
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| Fast during daylight hours of Ramadan. |
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| Means “witnessing.” The Muslim profession of faith. There is but one God and Muhammad is his rasul or messenger. |
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| The duties that God has placed on the Muslim community. It is sometimes translated as “law.” |
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| Members of the “party” of ‘Ali, who believed that he should have been the next leader after ‘Uthman. |
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| The traditional, majority, Muslims who accepted Mu’awiyah as the next leader after ‘Uthman. |
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| In Islam, the payment of a due to support the community. It is an act of purification through giving. |
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