Term
| Functions of connective tissues (7) |
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Definition
Reflected in the different types of cells and components of the extracellular matrix; blood, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone, teeth
Connects all of the other tissues of the body
It is the tissue where nutrients and wastes are delivered and removed
Many connective tissue cells are associated with the bodies defense system (macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, WBC 19s)
Provides structural support to the body (ligaments, cartilage, bone, teeth)
Storage of energy (adipose tissue)
Cushion the body and organs |
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Term
| What are the three types of loose connectives tissues? |
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Definition
| Areolar, Reticular, Adipose |
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Term
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Definition
| Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrous |
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Term
| Six types of specialized connectives tissue |
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Definition
Cartilage
Blood
Bone
Hemopoietic tissue
Adipose
Lymphatic tissue |
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Term
| What 7 types of cells can mesenchymal cells differentiate into? |
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Definition
Osteoprogenitor Cells
Endothelial Cells
Mesothelial Cells
Fibroblast
Adipocyte
Chondroblast
Myoblast |
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Term
| The different types of collagen (1-5) Where they are found and their main function |
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Definition
I: Reists Tension -- Skin, Bone, Tendon, Dentin
II: Resists Pressure -- Cartilage
III: Structural maintenance in expansible organs -- Skin, muscle, blood vessels, frequently together with type I
IV: Support of delicate structures -- All basement membranes
V: Participates in type I collagen function -- skin, fetal tissues, bone placenta |
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Term
| Mast Cell Secretion/Allergic Reaction (5 steps) |
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Definition
1: IgE molecules are bound to the surface receptors.
2: After a second exposure to an antigen (eg, bee venom), IgE molecules bound to surface receptors are cross-linked by the antigen. This activates adenylate cyclase and results in
the phosphorylation of certain proteins.
3: At the same time, Ca2+ enters the cell.
4: These events lead to intracellular fusion of specific granules and exocytosis of their
contents.
5: In addition, phospholipases act on membrane phospholipids to produce
leukotrienes. The process of extrusion does not damage the cell, which remains viable and synthesizes new granules. ECF-A, eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis. |
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Term
| What is unique to adipocytes regarding the connective tissue properties? |
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Definition
| They secrete their own basal lamina |
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Term
| Characteristics of Connective Tissues (6) |
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Definition
Composed of variable cells in abundant variable extracellular matrix
Fibroblast synthesize the majority of the extracellular matrix (ECM) composed of fibers and ground substance
Some fibers provide strength, others elasticity, others provide scaffolding (a support, either natural or artificial, that maintains tissue outline)
Ground substance contains proteoglycans (with glycosaminoglycans) and glycoproteins (adhesive molecules)
ECM provides structural support but also informs the cells about the biochemical and mechanical changes in their cellular environment
Develops from mesoderm mesenchymal cells except in some regions of the head (neuroectoderm- neural crest cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| A cartilage matrix protein that specifically mediates the attachment of chondrocytes to type II collagen. |
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Term
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Definition
| A thin extracellular layer that sometimes lies below the basal lamina, is composed chiefly of collagenous fibers, and serves to anchor the basal lamina to underlying connective tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| A thin extracellular layer composed chiefly of collagen, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins (as laminin and fibronectin) that lies adjacent to the basal surface of epithelial cells or surrounds individual muscle, fat, and Schwann cells and that separates these cells from underlying or surrounding connective tissue or adjacent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hygroscopic, bound to hyalauronic acid, have lubricant and support functions. Hold glycosaminoglycans (chondroitin sulfate & keratin sulfate). |
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Term
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Definition
| Help hold cells to the ECM. (also function in cell recognition; includes hyalauronic acid) |
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Term
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Definition
| Any of a group of glycoproteins of cell surfaces, blood plasma, and connective tissue that promote cellular adhesion and migration. |
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Term
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Definition
| A glycoprotein that is a component of connective tissue basement membrane and that promotes cell adhesion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any of various glycoproteins that are found on cell surfaces (as of white blood cells or platelets), that are composed of two dissimilar polypeptide chains, that are receptors for various proteins which typically bind to the tripeptide ligand consisting of arginine, glycine, and aspartic acid, that promote adhesion of cells (as T cells) to other cells (as endothelial cells) or to extracellular material (as fibronectin or laminin), and that mediate various biological processes (as phagocytosis, wound healing, and embryogenesis). |
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Term
| Briefly Explain Capillary Flow |
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Definition
| An arteriole will narrow/shrink to become a capillary, which will leak nutrients into the tissue from the pressure created by the size decrease. The capillary then increases in size to a become a venule and creates hydrostatic and osmotic pressure which sucks up the fluid leaked by the arteriole and capillary. Fluid that is not reabsorbed will be directed into a lymphatic capillary. |
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Term
| Areolar Connective Tissue |
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Definition
| Fibrous connective tissue having the fibers loosely arranged in a net or meshwork. |
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Term
| Reticular Connective Tissue |
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Definition
| has a network of reticular fibers, made of type III collagen.[2] Reticular fibers are not unique to reticular connective tissue, but only in this type are they dominant. |
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Term
| What specific feature distinguishes bone from cartilage? |
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Definition
| Vascularity. Bones are vascular, cartilage is not. |
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Term
| Where are the three types of cartilage found in the body? |
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Definition
hyaline- costal cartilages, airways, ends of long bones, epiphyseal plate
elastic- larynx, ear pinna
fibrocartilage-intervertebral discs, menisci, where tendons meet bone |
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Term
| How does cartilage grow in volume and mass? |
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Definition
| Appositional and interstitial growth |
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Term
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Definition
| The matrix that locally surrounds chondrocytes specifically (the space of a lacuna). |
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Term
| Euchromatin vs Heterochromatin |
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Definition
Euchromatin is loosely coiled DNA that is transcriptionally active. An increased amount of euchromatin indicates an active cell.
Heterochromatin is tightly packed DNA that is transcriptionally inactive. |
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Term
| What is perichondrium made of? |
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Definition
| Always dense irregular tissue; nutrient blood vessels, lymphatics and nerve endings are also located here. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hyalauronic acid with many proteoglycans attached to it [the name of the unit] |
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Term
| What collagen primarily constitutes hyaline cartilage? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Supports body
Provides system of levers to enhance physical activity of muscles in movement of the body
Protects vital organs (thoracic cage and cranium)
Harbors the bone marrow-hematopoeisis
Readily available reservoir for calcium, phosphate and other ions |
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Term
| What is the embryonic origin of bone? |
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Definition
Mesoderm
Mesenchymal > osteoprogenitor > osteoblast > osteocyte |
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Term
What inorganic crystal makes up bone?
What constitutes the organic ecm of bone? |
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Definition
Mineral salts mostly in the form of Hydroxyapatite crystals: CA10 (PO4 )6 OH2 (inorganic)
Type I collagen fibers mostly
Proteoglycans (only some)
Glycoproteins |
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Term
| How specifically do osteoclasts eat bone matrix? |
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Definition
Pumps protons into resorption bay-leaches minerals out of matrix
Extracellular release of lysosomal collagenases breaks down organic matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| Almost bone (pre-mineralized organic bone tissue) |
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Term
| Name of the hole that a blood vessel travels through |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The center hollowish portion of a bone where marrow resides. |
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Term
| What is the cement line of a bone? |
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Definition
| The outer stiff layer that sets the boundary for an osteon upon its creation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Just need to spell the fucker! BYAH! |
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Term
| What are the two main ways bone is formed? |
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Definition
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification (allows for interstitial growth by chondrocytes) |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of dense irregular connective tissue; contains fibroblasts and osteoprogenitor cells that become osteoblasts that contribute to the width of bone. |
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Term
| Describe the Process of Bone Repair (4) |
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Definition
A fracture hematoma forms
A fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus forms
A hard (bony) callus forms
The bone is remodeled |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA polymerase, is an enzyme that produces RNA. In cells, RNAP is necessary for constructing RNA chains. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ribose, heterocyclic nitrogenous base, and at least one phosphate attached to ribose. |
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Term
| Give examples of functions served by nucleotides |
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Definition
ATP used for energy
FAD & NAD also used for energy
GTP cAMP used for protein signaling |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of many nucleotides (nucleotide polymer) |
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Term
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Definition
| Deoxy has a -H sticking down instead of an -OH on the 2nd carbon (bottom right one) |
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Term
| How do histones bind to DNA? |
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Definition
| Helix-dipoles from alpha-helices in H2B, H3, and H4 cause a net positive charge to accumulate at the point of interaction with negatively charged phosphate groups on DNA. |
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Term
| Review of Neurulation (3) |
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Definition
Formation of the neural tube
-Notochord induces ectoderm to form neural plate
-Epithelial cells thicken and fold
-Neural crest cells form
Also developing at this time:
-Primitive heart tubes, blood vessels
-Somites (lateral signaling from notochord)
-Embryonic folding (dorsoventral and craniocaudal) also occuring |
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Term
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Definition
| Condensations of mesoderm that become |
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Term
| Sclerotome spearates into two layers |
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Definition
| Spinal nerve separates and then migrates around neural tube, other layer is bone? |
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Term
| Where does endochondral and intramembranous ossification occur in developing bones? |
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Definition
Endochondral – long bones, vertebrae, some of skull
Intramembranous – dermal bones – clavicle, some of skull (occurs only in the skull and shoulder region) |
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Term
| Skeletal Muscle Differentiation |
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Definition
Myoblasts fuse to form myotubes
Myofilaments and myofibrils form in the cytoskeleton. Myoblasts that do not fuse become satellite cells. |
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Term
| Embryologic Cardiac Muscle Growth |
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Definition
Differentiate from cardiogenic region (lateral mesoderm)
Individual cells grow – no fusion
Intercalated disks develop at cell junctions
Conducting cells differentiate further late in embryonic period (larger cells with few myofibrils) |
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Term
| Where are the epidermis and dermis derived from? |
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Definition
Epidermis- Derived from ectoderm
Dermis- Derived from mesoderm (largely somites) |
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Term
| Neurulation Defects (3 types) |
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Definition
Neural tube defects, vary in severity and location
Spina bifida (variations)
Anencephaly or meroencephaly – absence of most of the brain
Folic acid helps prevent these
Chordoma
Remnants of the notochord
Cranial or sacral
Late development in men (>50)
Neural crest defects
many organ systems, especially heart |
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Term
| Origins of the nervous system (CNS-2 PNS-1) |
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Definition
CNS – neural tube
Cranial 2/3 – brain
Caudal 1/3 – spinal cord
PNS – mostly neural crest cells
Connects with CNS |
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Term
| Spinal Cord Development (4) |
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Definition
Lateral walls of neural tube thicken
Inner columnar neuroepithelium = ventricular zone > mitotic stem cell area gives rise to all neurons & macroglia in spinal cord
Neuroepithelial cells in ventricular zone differentiate into neuroblasts (and later glioblasts) as they move into intermediate zone > neuron cell bodies (gray matter)
Outer layer of neuroepithelial cells becomes cuboidal = marginal zone > white matter (as axons develop and push through it) |
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Term
| Differentiating cells of the CNS |
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Definition
Neuroblasts - neurons
Glioblasts – macroglia (supporting cells of CNS)
form astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
Ependymal cells – lining of central canal
Microglia - immune cells of CNS
Later in fetal period, form from mesenchymal cells in the bone marrow
Infiltrate CNS (gray and white matter) – phagocytic |
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Term
| Acetylation occurs in what two locations? Name a process influenced by acetylation of proteins. |
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Definition
The N-terminus and lysine residue
Acetylation of the N-terminus can serve as a degradation signal |
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Term
| N and O Glycosylation AA's |
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Definition
N-glycosidic asparagine
O-glycosidic serine, threonine, tyrosine, 5-hydroxylysine |
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Term
| What two amino acids of procollagen are hydroxylated? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the enzyme that hyrdoxylates proline in collagen, what is the clinic significance of this? |
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Definition
Prolyl Hydroxylase
It requires vitamin c as a cofactor/is responsible for scurvey (it is not used up however) |
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Term
| What three amino acids can be phosphorylated? |
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Definition
The ones with hydroxy groups on them!
Serine, Tyrosine, Threonine |
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Term
| What three AAs can be ribosylated from NAD? |
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Definition
| Arginine, glutamine, cysteine |
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Term
| Distinguish primary from secondary, etc. |
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Definition
Primary - linear sequence of AA's
Secondary - local regions of polypetide chains formed into structures that are generally stabilized by a repeating pattern of hydrogen bonds, includes a-helices and b-sheets
Tertiary- folding of the secondary structure elements into an overall three dimensional conformation.
Quaternary- the combination of two or more subunits, each composed of a polypeptide chain |
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Term
| Distinguish primary, secondary, etc. protein structures |
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Definition
Primary - linear sequence of AA's
Secondary - local regions of polypetide chains formed into structures that are generally stabilized by a repeating pattern of hydrogen bonds, includes a-helices and b-sheets
Tertiary- folding of the secondary structure elements into an overall three dimensional conformation.
Quaternary- the combination of two or more subunits, each composed of a polypeptide chain |
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Term
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Definition
Considered to be the core promoter sequence, it is the binding site of either general transcription factors or histones (the binding of a transcription factor blocks the binding of a histone and vice versa) and is involved in the process of transcription by RNA polymerase.
Is located 30-20 unites before start of transcriptonal code |
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Term
| Distinguish the three types of RNA in terms of function, size, number of types, structure, and their synthesis |
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Definition
mRNA
functions as a mesenger
medium to large size
many types
linear structure
formed from hnRNA
rRNA
functions as a machine
small to medium size
complex structure
formed from mediated nucleotides
tRNA
translates message
small
at least 20 types (one for each AA)
charactertic clover leaf structure
made in nucleus & nucleolus |
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Term
| Three types of RNAPs make what RNAs? |
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Definition
I - rRNA
II - mRNA
III - tRNA & smallest rRNA |
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Term
| Where do co-activators attach? |
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Definition
| TATA binding protein which attaches to the TATA box as part of teh core promoter |
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Term
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Definition
| Combine with unmodified pre-mRNA and various other proteins to form a spliceosome, a large RNA-protein molecular complex upon which splicing of pre-mRNA occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| a modification of a new pre-mRNA taking place after or concurrently with its transcription, in which introns are removed and exons are joined. |
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Term
| What two noncovalent forces stabilize DNA |
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Definition
| Hydrogen bonding between strands, and base stacking. |
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Term
| What does the 5' cap look like? |
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Definition
| Methylguanosine attached to deoxyribose by 3 phosphates |
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