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Definition
| produces and integrates knowledge from the human sciences to match jobs, products, and environments to the physical and mental abilities and limitations of people. In doing so it seeks to safeguard safety, health and well being whilst optimising efficiency and performance” (International Standards Organization) |
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Definition
| apply Human Factors and Ergo to design and eval of tools, equipment, and work stations so moral, quality, and productivity improve and fatigue, injury and waste disappear. |
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human -> machine
machine -> human
environment -> human |
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| Guiding Principle of Ergonomics |
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Definition
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| Types of Industrial Ergo Problems |
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Definition
Anthropometric
Musculoskeletal
Cardiovascular
Environmental |
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| Costs associated with ignoring ergonomics |
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Definition
Less production output
Increased lost time
Higher medical costs
Increased absenteeism
Higher material costs
Low-quality work
Injuries, sprains, strains
Increased probability of accidents and errors
Increased labor turnover
Less spare capacity to deal with emergencies |
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Term
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Definition
Identify potential problems (mismatches)
Evaluate and prioritize problems
Improve (redesign) jobs and tasks |
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Definition
young
multidisciplinary
tackles complex problems |
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Term
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Definition
connective tissue - mech system
skeletal muscle - force generators
joints - mechanical system
nerves - control system
brain - control system |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Large E modulus, gradual failure
Transmission of force
Residual strain; plastic deformation
"typical" stress strain curve |
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Term
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Definition
Large strain with abrupt failure
Storage and release of energy
Abundant in arteries; 5% in ligaments and tendons; 5-10% in skin |
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Term
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Definition
| range where material can be stressed without permanent deformation |
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Term
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Definition
| range where permanent deformation occurs |
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Definition
| point where material becomes inelastic or breaks |
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Definition
| compact shell that provides strength and impact resistance |
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Definition
| Organization of trabeculae tend to be distributed along lines of principal loads; spongy |
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Definition
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Definition
| as the angle of force on bone changes the stress strain curve changes. good in compression, bad in shear. |
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Definition
Old bones:
Decreased mineral content
Thinner
Weaker and more brittle
Possibility of osteoporosis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| synovial, cartilaginous, fibrous |
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Term
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Definition
Bones are covered by articular cartilage
Cartilage surfaces are separated by a synovial cavity that is bounded by a synovial membrane
Synovial membrane produces synovial fluid
Very low friction (μ ~ 0.002)
Joint is surrounded by a capsule (dense fibrous fascia) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
A motor unit consists of a motor neuron and multiple muscle cells
Variable ratio (nerve:muscle cells)
1:5 (precise control, e.g. eye, finger)
1:1000 (gross control, e.g. thigh and back muscles)
Different body parts have different levels of precision
Each muscle may contain 100-1000 motor units |
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Definition
I slow twitch
II fast twitch |
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Definition
Membrane depolarization causes release of Ca2+
Ca2+ reacts with protein on actin molecule to expose binding sites
Myosin binds to actin and ratchets up (sliding) |
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Definition
| sense tension within tendons send negative (inhibitory) feedback to brain to prevent injury to muscles and tendons |
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Definition
| better in compression than shear |
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Term
| Compressive strength tolerance |
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Definition
| CS = 7222.41 – (1047.71 x Age) – (1279.18 x Gender) + (56.73 x PP) |
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Term
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Definition
| Work-related musculoskeletal disorders |
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Term
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Definition
Pain
Numbness
Tingling
Swelling
Redness
Discomfort |
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Definition
| physical, personal, psychosocial |
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Definition
Worker’s comp
Insurance
Lost work time
Lost productivity
New hire |
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Definition
Tendon disorders
Nerve disorders
Neurovascular disorders |
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Term
| Engineering Controls WMSD |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| change procedure or method |
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Term
| Risk Factors Assoc. with WMSDs |
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Definition
Postural stress
Forceful exertions
Repetitive exertions
Sustained (static) exertions
Localized mechanical (contact) stresses
Vibration
Cold temperature |
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