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| decision making procedures with specific outlines of action and definitions of problems |
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| State is highest power, gov't has total control over domestic policies |
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distribution of power within the state
(wealthy, military, politicians) |
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the degree to which states cluster alliances with powerful states
(US and their allies vs. USSR and their allies) |
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| states foreign policies based on geographical location, natural resources, physical environment |
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political leaders have limited power
held accountable through citizens by elections |
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| unlimited power by a single person |
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| diversionary theory of war |
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| initiating conflict abroad to distract people from domestic issues |
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| constitutional democracies are peaceful to eachother and aggressive to non democracies |
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| Standard Operating Procedures |
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rules for reaching decisions
step by step process |
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| foreign policy changes based on bargaining and compromising between govt agencies |
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extent to which a policy maker believes in his or her ability to control events
(do they feel like they can make a difference?) |
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| Internally united state. Internal changes don't effect foreign policy as much as the individual leaders do |
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| interaction between domestic politics and international bargaining. |
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| tendency for decision makers to choose first available alternative that meets lowest acceptable standards |
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***MASSIVE DICK***
decision making procedure that worries more about losses than gains |
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| method of decision making where all possible outcomes are tested and all facts are perfect |
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| costs that have been spent and not recovered |
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| members of a newly formed group conform with assertive members or the leaders because of lack of procedural norms |
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actors think irrationally
Too much conformity, no one wants to voice opinions. |
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two steps: eliminate all options not favorable then make rational choice from there
(fuck yellow cars, then decide which color from there) |
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| Ideal. Unitary actor. Define problems, know info, weigh alternatives, clear goals, select optimal option. |
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| procedural rationality steps |
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1. Clearly identify problem
2. Clearly define goals
3. consider all alternatives
4. weigh costs and benefits
5. select best outcome w/ least cost |
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| State involvement abroad and the goals, strategies, instruments selected by policy makers |
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| how decisions are put on agenda, formed, implemented (state, individual) |
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| procedural rationality, poliheuristic, prospect |
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| State level foreign policy |
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| society, domestic politics. Regime type/form |
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| Examples of poliheuristc theories |
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1. Not using nukes- need to find second best option
2. Turkey rejecting US aid, only allow to use airspace. find away around that. |
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| Iran hostage crisis: Carter had low approval and could have either used diplomacy, sanctions, rescue mission. Chose rescue mission because it was quick fix. Should have used procedural rationality. |
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| Intergovernmental Organizations (IGO) |
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| created and joined by governments who give them power to make decisions on global agendas |
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people ill informed, emotional, volatile.
FP not effected by PO and good thing |
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| Reasons: 1. Apathy (voting ends at water's edge) 2. Emotional Volatility 3. Ignorant (world news in a minute) 4. Distractions (too busy for working) |
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| Nongovernmental Organizations (NGO) |
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Definition
transitional org.'s of private citizens joined to work together toward common interests
EX: foundations, professional associations, multinational corporations, groups in different countries |
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| private international law |
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| law pertaining to routinized transnational intercourse between or among states as well as nonstate actors. |
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| law pertaining to government-to- government relations. |
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| the formal legal accep-tance of a state’s official status as an independent country. De facto recogni-tion acknowledges the factual existence of another state or government short of full recognition. De jure recognition gives a government formal, legal recognition. |
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| the legal principle prohibiting one state from interfering in another state’s internal affairs. |
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| a hostile but legal retaliatory act aimed at punishing another state’s prior illegal actions. |
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| a hostile but legal retaliatory act aimed at punishing another state’s prior illegal actions. |
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| All members, one state - one vote, simple majority, two-thirds vote on "important questions", resolutions are only recommendations |
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| acts per-formed during war that the international commu-nity defines as illegal, such as atrocities committed against enemy civilians and prisoners of war. |
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| a security regime guided by the principle that an act of aggression by any state will be met with a unified response from the rest. |
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| actions taken in advance of a predictable crisis to prevent superpower involvement and limit violence. |
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| peaceful settlement processes such as good offices, conciliation, and mediation, designed to resolve the issues that led to armed conflict. |
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| post-conflict actions, predominantly diplomatic and economic, that strengthen and rebuild governmental infrastructure and institutions in order to avoid recourse to armed conflict. |
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| a military organization within a specific region created to protect its members from external attack. |
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| a reform movement pro-posing to combine sovereign states into a single unified federal state. |
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Deals with threats to international peace and security.
PERMANENT U.S., U.K., France, Russia, China. NON PERMANENT ten countries elected by general assembly for two years. |
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| the processes and activities by which the populations of two or more states transfer their loyalties to a merged political and economic unit. |
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| the processes and activities by which the populations of two or more states transfer their loyalties to a merged political and economic unit. |
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| a theory of political integration based on the assumption that technical cooperation among different nationalities in economic and social fields will build communities that transcend sovereign states. |
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democracy: leaders have to listen to voters
Constrains: leaders dismiss unpopular options before vote
Image: Casualty aversion vs. tough guy image |
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| the propensity for successful integration across one area of cooperation between states to propel further integration in other areas. |
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| a revised functionalist theory asserting that the IGOs states create to manage common problems provide benefits that exert pressures for further political integration. |
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| granting political power to ethno-political groups within a state under the expectation that greater autonomy for them in particular regions will curtail their quest for independence. |
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| UN: Economic and Social Council |
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| 54 members elected by GA. Active addressing economic development and human rights issues. |
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| reside over territories with no state, stopped in 1994 with last territory becoming independent |
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| UN: International Court of Justice |
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| 15 independent judges, nominated by SC, elected by GA, jurisdiction based on consent, also give nonbinding advice. |
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| led by secretary-general (Ban Kai-moon), civil servants who preform administrative and secretarial functions of the UN. |
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| relationships or agreements between 2 countries |
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| group of states who's non institutionalized collaboration results in settlements by compromise rather than by force |
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| legal authority granted to an IGO by members to make collective decisions in public policy (EU) |
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| sets of principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures agreed to by a group of states to guide behavior. |
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| sharing common ancestral nationality, language, culture, and kin ship. |
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| native ethnic and cultural populations within a country ruled by a governemt controlled others "forth world" |
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| efforts made by ethnic of religious group to take territory by force so boundaries will no longer separate them |
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P.O. is rational (relatively stable opinions)
P.O. does affect F.P. because leaders have to consider how public responds |
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| ethnic or religious group to break away from an internationalized state |
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| public opinion does change, but has same underlying attitude |
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| migration of ethnic or religious groups to foreign land despite continued affiliation with their homeland and original customes |
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| Americans generally supportive of military intervention to stop foreign aggression but not to change domestic affairs |
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| multinational corporations (MNCs) |
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| business enterprises headquartered in one state that invest and operate extensively in other states. |
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| loss of policy control based on power of media. Choose what population cares about. Media doesn't only inform public. |
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| makes public aware but not informed |
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Conservatists -> liberal bias
Liberals -> conservatist bias
Journalist -> No bias |
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| foreign direct investment (FDIs) |
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| ownership of assests in a country by nonresidents in order to control the use of those assests |
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| Spanish American War (pulitzer/Hearst) unethical sensationalized. |
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| transnational banks (TNBs) |
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| the worlds top banking firms, whose financial activities are concentrated in transactions that cross state borders |
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| strategic corporate alliances |
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| cooperation between corporations in the same industry, driven by MNC manufacturing overseas |
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| • War must be waged for the purpose of correcting a wrong and establishing peace and justice, not for revenge or some other malicious reason |
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| War should not be undertaken until all other reasonable means of resolving the conflict have been exhausted |
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| Political Proportionality |
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| The harm caused by the fighting must not outweigh the good toward which the war aims |
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| Declaration by legitimate authority |
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| Duly constituted rulers must publicly declare a state of war |
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| Reasonable chance of success |
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| States must not engage in futile uses of force |
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