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| an armed conflict between belligerents of vastly unequal military strength, in which the weaker side is often a nonstate actor that relies on unconventional tactics |
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| mercenaries commissioned by states to conduct operations that regular armies are prohibited from carrying out by the Geneva Conventions |
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| routine killing of one's own kind |
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| instinctive defense of one's own territory |
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| those who study animal behavior in order to understand human behavior |
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| the process by which people learn the beliefs, values, and behaviors that are acceptable in a given society |
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| people's perception that they are unfairly deprived of wealth and status in comparison to others who are advantaged but not more deserving |
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| diversionary theory of war |
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| leaders who experience opposition at home provoke crises abroad to divert attention from their domestic failures |
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| refers to the propensity of lesser powers to cluster around the strongest states |
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| a situation where politically relevant divisions between international actors are contradictory, with their interests pulling them together on some issues and separating them on others |
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| a situation where politically relevant divisions between international actors are complementary; interests pulling them apart on one issue and reinforced by interests that also separate them |
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| the contention that war is likely when a dominant great power is threatened by the rapid growth of a rival's capabilities, which reduces the difference in their relative power |
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| the contention that armed conflict is probable when a state passes through certain critical points along a generalized curve of relative power, and wars of enormous magnitude are likely when several great powers pass through critical points at approximately the same time |
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| the premeditated use or threat of violence perpetrated against noncombatants, usually intended to induce fear in a wider audience |
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| used to sustain an existing political order, has been used by both governments and vigilantes |
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| used to change the political status quo (i.e. to expel colonial rulers, ethnonational separatism, religion, or secular ideology) |
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| agitational objectives of terrorism |
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Definition
| promoting the dissident group, advertising its agenda, and discrediting rivals |
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| coercive objectives of terrorism |
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Definition
| disorienting a target population, inflating the perceived power of the dissident group, wringing concessions from authorities, and provoking a heavy-handed overreaction from the police and military |
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| organizational objectives of terrorism |
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Definition
| acquiring resources, forging group cohesion, and maintaining an underground network of supporters |
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| conventional terrorist tactics |
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| bombing, assault, hijacking, and taking hostages |
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| acquisition of weapons of mass destruction and cyberterrorism |
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| attacks on an adversary's telecommunications and computer networks to degrade the technological systems vital to its defense and economic well-being |
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| a policy that singles out states that support terrorist groups and advocates military strikes against them to prevent a future attack on the US |
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| state-sponsored terrorism |
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| formal assistance, training, and arming of forging terrorists by a state in order to achieve foreign policy goals |
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| repression advocates (terrorism) |
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| see terrorism springing from the cold calculations of extremists who should be neutralized by preemptive surgical strike |
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| conciliation advocates (terrorism) |
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| see terrorism rooted in frustrations with political oppression and relative deprivation and urge negotiation and compromise; reduce terrorism's appeal |
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| states in danger of political collapse due to overwhelming internal strife |
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| the theory that national survival in an anarchic world is most likely wen military power is distributed to prevent a single hegemon or bloc from dominating the state system |
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| a formal agreement among sovereign states for that purpose of coordinating their behavior to increase mutual security |
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| an influential global or regional state that throws its support in decisive fashion to the weaker side of the balance of power |
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| the strategy of seeking national security by aligning with the strongest state, irrespective of its ideology or form of government |
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| an action-reaction process in which rival states rapidly increase their military capabilities in response to one another |
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| hegemonic stability theory |
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| the argument that a single dominant state is necessary to enforce international cooperation, maintain international rules and regimes, and keep the peace |
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| a cooperative agreement among great powers to jointly manage international relations |
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| bilateral or multilateral agreements to contain arms buildups by setting limits on the number and types of weapons that states are permitted |
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| agreements to reduce or eliminate weapons or other means of attack |
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| one powerful state tries to prevail over another powerful state, which raises arms or seeks allies to offset its adversary's strength |
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| encroachment by ones state against another also precipitates a quest for arms and allies, but rather than resulting in formation or rigid counterbalanced blocs, it triggers shifts in a kaleidoscope of overlapping alliances |
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| the use of military threats by a great power to deter an attack on its allies |
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