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| for liberal theory- concern about the future leads to more cooperation time is the friend of cooperation because it allows for friend building and reciprocity. A long shadow of the future means two states will have to interact again and again. This has to do with game theory, too. "The Last move". Liberal perspectives say that if countries develop habits of regular interactions through diplomacy, membership in II's, trade and exchange, they can overcome the security dilemma that drives conflict. |
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| Realists say that both actors will eventually squeal because neither can be trusted. |
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| One gains 2, the other loses 2. Relative gains, too. |
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1987 international agreement that reduced CFC's by 50% - DuPont companies agreed. Low shadow of the future. It was hurting the O-Zone. How did this happen?
• It was man-made
• Consensus of opinion
• Short shadow of a future
• Concentrated benefits, diffused costs. |
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| Relevance: Seeking to establish democracy in the middle east as a way to bring peace. Ideas that guide power and personalities taken by the states. Relevance: Identity perspective as seen by difference in USSR and democratic USA. Reagan championed. US ideology proved superior |
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| Type of war/organized movement aimed at the overthrow of a constituted government through the use of subversion and armed conflict. Type of revolution. REL: Iraqi insurgency against the US and the 2003 Iraqi government |
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| Tool or tactic of violence or threat to incite fear, hurt innocent civilians and spark political change. To coerce a government. Relevance: the 9/11 attacks... |
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| Terrorism is effective because they extract limited concessions from governments. He used an empirical record to show it was effective. Terrorists are rational. Suicide attacks signals resolve – you’re not going to back down. You will do just about anything to inflict pain. Punishment |
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| Terrorism Debate: Abrahms |
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| Terrorism is not effective because it blurs the goal and message with the act. Says main goal is to destroy your country. Suicide bombings do not communicate resolve if they seek limited gains. RELEVANCE: Osama Bin Laden wanted US involvement. |
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| Three Economic things that one state cannot have all at once. 1) Capital mobility - Free flow of capital 2) Fixed interest rate - when a country pegs its currency to another 3) Sovereignty and Autonomous monetary policy. Example: Greece does not have autonomous monetary policy although they do have fixed exchange (Euro) and capital mobility. |
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| Anarchy is what States Make of it |
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| Wendt artcile on Constructivism. You know what it means. Ideas shape material things. Norms, identities. |
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| Multinational Corporations |
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| Businesses that span across many countries and impinge on states' sovereignty. They seek cheap labor. Globalization! Relevance: McDonalds/McWorld. |
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| Internally when gold or oil money stunts the growth of other economic sectors and trade sector. This is part of resource curse. EX: Spain had large inflow of gold and other wealth during 16th century from the Americas. |
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| abundance of natural resources prevents development by encouraging overvalued exchange rates, corruption and lack of diverse industry. DRC has a resource curse. |
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| in-house payroll, software and data processing tasks to foreign firms. No transfer of physical facilities. EX- India software US companies. |
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| Realists on Globalization |
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| Emphasize role of major powers in coordinating international economic policies and institutions. If great powers are NOT involved with II’s, they become irresponsible and irrelevant. Great powers have to lead II’s. II’s constrain for power transition realists. |
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| Liberalist Perspective on Globalization |
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| See international economic institutions in a more favorable light and are more critical of great power dominance…rich country clubs like G-5. Believe that countries behave in terms of the way they relate to one another. Networking and feedback is positive. |
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| Identity Perspective on Globalization |
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| Cooperation isn't always the best. It's mostly about substantive outcomes. |
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Policy restraints/recommendations for developing countries by the IMF as established by the US, in order to attract foreign capital. Stability, liberalization and privatization are encouraged. Examples: Argentina, Greece (different boats)
-Monetary policy
-Competitive exchange rates |
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It's where the money is going! Implementing these policies attracts the herd:
Washington Consensus:
Balanced budget, low tax rates, deregulation, low tariffs, open to foreign investment, privatization, legal protection of property rights |
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| Cons of Washington Consensus |
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-Relevance – Greece, developing countries wishing to integrate into the economy
-Is it always the best? – Argentina built up huge debt
o Asian tigers took a long time, used import substitute industrialization, protectionism |
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Countries have to sacrifice economic sovereignty to reap benefits of global economy
• States want to attract investment
• Make government/society seem open, transparent, reliable and stable |
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| term commonly used for referring to laws that govern the conduct of independent nations in their relationships with one another. |
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| Realists on International Law |
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| Strong states do what they will, weak will suffer as they must? |
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Geneva Conventions – prohibit cruel and unusual punishment
• US said war against Al Qaeda was not a STATE war. Common articles 2 & 3 did not apply. “Unlawful enemy combatant” – even the US cares about ILaw |
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| Humanitarian Intervention |
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Forcible intervention in a state to alleviate human suffering. Usually to stop a government from murdering its own people.
-this requires encroaching on another state's sovereignty.
Skeptic arguments: II's are responsible for stopping genocide. Intervention should only be used for balancing of power. HI is abused as a pretext as a pursuit of national self-interest. Costs civilian lives |
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| Know mistakes before 2006. Multilateralism – approval from other countries |
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| Countries trade credits to other countries. You earn credits by reducing pollution. Costs are immediate, benefits are much later on. |
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| Public parks. In IR, there is no common power, anarchy means no one to govern over oceanic bodies or lands |
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| Mutually assured destruction. |
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| Total war in nuclear age irrational. Purpose of war is to achieve an end, and with nuclear destruction there would be no end. Makes states feel secure, but creates a security dilemma. |
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| Deterrence replaces defense |
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Mere threat of retaliation enough to deter adversary. Prudence prevails in negotiations with nuclear war. A shared interest is created. Both sides want to avoid destruction. Big Taboo against use of nuclear weapons. Counterargument: taboos often broken in dark times.
Deterrence theory – mere existence of nuclear weapons deters. |
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| Traditionalist, Revisionist, Post-Revisionist, Individual |
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Realist- power, bipolarity and power vacuum
Liberal - II's failed, Nato and systemic failure. Domestic reinforcement of anti-communist policy
Identity - easy. Democracy vs. communism |
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| Form of neomarxism. Globalization keeps developing countries poor. Inequality, inequity. Dependency theorists argued, in opposition to free market economists, that underdeveloped countries needed to reduce their connectedness with the world market so that they could pursue a path more in keeping with their own needs, less dictated by external pressures. |
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| Hegemonic Stability in iEcon |
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| A stable hegemon provides a stable market, a common currency, makes iTrade more likely, export market. Hegemonic stability provides public goods |
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| Universal jurisdiction: **Kissinger (realist) The Pitfalls of Universal Jurisdiction argues against the US joining the ICC. Smaller countries tend to carry out vendettas against the US. Liberal perspective: US should join the ICC because some criminals cannot be tried domestically. |
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| Kenneth Waltz's systemic approach. The international structure acts as a constraint on state behavior. Only states that fall in line with such behavior, survive. |
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1) Universalization - spread of communication and knowledge.
2) Internationalization - cosmopolitanism, increasing importance of international trade. State is still unitary actor
3) Western Culture Imperialism - McWorld, democracy
4) Deterritorialization - lack of sovereignty resulting from foreign investment
5) Liberalization - free trade, less tariffs |
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| spread of trade, greater interdependence, cross border trade of capital and goods. |
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| International Institutions in Globalization |
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-Globalist view: states have diminished roles. Global integration is uneven, investors set the rules, cutbacks on spending for health, education. States lose ability to control policy
-Skeptic view: US remains colossal force.
-Aid: developing states turn to the IMF. Liberalization says this is good for states.
Realism says they reflect the interests of the dominant states. |
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| Preemptive/Preventative Strike |
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Preemptive strike – 1967 Israel bombs (LEGAL)
Preventive war – WWI (ILLIGAL) |
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a good that is not excludable or rival.
Ex: roads, air |
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Yes rival and Yes excludable.
Ex: your backyard |
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Yes Excludable, Not rival. The more you use it, it makes no difference.
Example: cable TV. |
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Not excludable, but Yes rival.
Example: fish docks. When you overfish, others have less.
Goods that are not excludable tend to be underprovided, because you get free riders. |
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| Lieber says MORE NUKES create more peace. However, the US still needs low-yield more accurate weapons. Makes deterrence more credible. |
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| When everyone has nuclear weapons, nobody is going to use them. Nukes = stability. Second strike retaliation capabilities makes no wars involving nukes winnable. Sagan argues that "more will be worse", since new nuclear states often lack adequate organizational controls over their new weapons, which makes for a high risk of either deliberate or accidental nuclear war, or nuclear theft by terrorists. |
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| Neoliberal Institutionalism |
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Definition
More communication between states means more cooperation. Reduces cheating. contradicts Hegemonic stability theory staying II’s can provide stability
-Establishes norms
-Increased costs for cheating
-Long Shadow of the Future
-Increased interdependence
-Decrease in transaction cost
-Bargaining, greater information flow |
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| Fundamental nature of man. Drive for power and will to dominate |
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| – Morganthau, human nature realism, lust for power that translates to the international stage |
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| Mearsheimer! Blames conflict on anarchy, states are always looking to maximize security and power and to be the hegemon. Says China won't rise peacefully. |
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| Walt - says that states aren't always trying to maximize security. States are rational, and the OFFENSE DEFENSE balance tends to favor the defender |
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