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Details

IOS 3&4
Diuretics, blood gases & acid-base
21
Pharmacology
Professional
08/22/2012

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Functions of Proximal Convulated tubule
Definition

1. almost all the glucose, bicarbonate, AAs, organic solutes are reabsorbed.

2. 67% of the water is reabsorbed.

3. All the organic acids are secreted here (uric acid, diuretics, and some antibiotics. 

4. site for organic base secretion occurs here.

5. 99% of the glucose and amino acids are absorbed here.

 

Term

Properties of descending loop of Henle

 

Definition

1. descends into medulla of kidney

2. impermeable to Na, Cl and permeable to water

3. The osmolarity increases down the loop due to counter current mechanism.

Term
Properties of Ascending loop
Definition

1. Cells impermeable to water

2. cells actively reabsorb Na, Cl and K

3. Major site for Na reabsorption in nephron

4. K back diffusion into lumen= Reason for Ca and Mg reabsorption.

Term
function of distal convulated tubule
Definition

1. Na is actively reabsorbed, Cl co-transported and water follows passively at terminal end.

2. Have Na/K exchange site. Fine tunning of K occurs here.

3. Na absorption and K secretion is stimulated by aldosterone.

Term
List Generalization about diuretic agents.
Definition

1. Most diuretic agents are secreted in the renal tubule to act on transporters.

2. Increased delivery of Na in CD stimulate K secretion.

3. Most water and Na reabsorption occurs in PCT.

 

Term
List names of Osmotic Diuretics, and their mechanism of action
Definition

Mannitol, Urea, Glycerin and Isosorbide.

They are freely filtered by glomerulus, undergo renal tubular reabsorption, and usually inert.

They prevent re-absorption of water from the water permeable areas. Intra-luminal and extra-luminal mechanisms work for osmotic diuretics.

Term
Uses and side effects of loop diuretics
Definition

Uses

Extract water from eyes and brain. Used in reducing cerebral edema and intraocular pressure before opthalmic procedure.

Side effects:

Acute expansion of extracellular fluid, be careful with people in CHF or pulmonary edema. 

Headache, nausea, vomiting due to deacrease in Na. dehydration.

Term
Carbonic anhydrases: Names and MOA
Definition

Acetazolamide, dichlorophenamide.

MOA:Block carbonic anhydrase, decrease H, decrease Na reabsorption. Decrease HCO3 reabsorption, and increase excretion. Increase K secretion. Urine is alkaline pH, and causes metabolic acidosis.

Term
List uses and side effects of carbonic anhydrases
Definition

Uses: Limited use as diuretic, but used for metabolic alkalosis in conjuct with other diuretics. Use for glaucoma (darzolamide, binzolamide).

Also, used for mountain sickness. (Dec. in HCO3, causes metabolic acidosis, and causes hyperventilation.Dec CSF formation, pH and cerebral edema.

Side effects: CNS effects, parenthesias, drowsiness, metabolic acidosis, kidney stones, and contraindicated in patients with hepatic cirrhosis as increase in urine pH causes decreased NH4 trapping in the urine and increases NHand hepatic encephalopathy.

 

Term
Loop Diuretics: Names and MOA
Definition

Furosemide, bumetanide, ethacrynic acid, torsemide.

They are known as high-ceiling diuretics and secreted by organic acid transport system in PCT.

They work in thick ascending Loop by inhibiting the Na/K/Cl symporter on the luminal membrane of the cells

Term
Uses and Side effects of loop diuretics:
Definition

Uses: pts those have poor renal function or other diuretics were unaffective.

People with edema related with CHF, hepatic or renal failure. Acute pulmonary edema by ↓volume, ↓VR, and ↓ right ventricular pressure and leads to ↓pulmonary capillary pressure.

Used in pts with hypercalcemia by ↓Na, and Cl reabsorption, ↓ k-back diffusion and ↓ calcium reabsorption. 

Mild hyperkalemia, by increasing K loss.

Side effects: Hypovolemia; can cause severe loss of blood volume leads to hypotension shock.

Hypokalemia/metabolic acidosis: Na and H in CD can cause ↑ K and H excretion.

Ototoxicity: Concurrent use with aminoglycoside antibiotic such as streptomycin. Can be reversed.


Term

Thiazide diuretics and their MOA:

 

 

Definition

Names: HCTZ, indapamide, chlorthalidone, metolazone, and all the one with "thiazide" in word.

MOA: secreted by organic acid transport system in PCT. These block the Na and Cl symporter in the early segment of distal convulated tubule. Many actions depend on PG production. NSAIDs can blunt the effects.

Term
Uses and side effects of Thiazide diuretics.
Definition

Uses: First line of therapy for hypertension.

Acute edema.

Hypercalciuria by decreasing Na reabsorption, decreases intracellular Na, increases Ca/Na exchange, eventually decreases Ca in renal tubule, decreases kidney stones.

Side effects: Causes hypovolemia, triggers ADH and thirst.

Causes hypokalemia or metabolic alkalosis by ↓ Na reabsorption, causes ↑ K and H loss.

hyperuricemia can occur as it is secreted by organic acid system, can cause gout.

Term
List the K sparing diuretics and MOAs
Definition

1: Aldosterone antagonists (spironolactone, eplerenone).Inhibits the aldosterone complex which Na reabsorption, and K secretion.

2: K sparing, Na channel blockers (Triametrene and Amiloride). Blocks Na reabsorption, decreases K secretion. These are not aldosterone antagonists.

Term
Uses and side effects of k sparing diuretics
Definition

Uses: With other diuretics to decrease the K loss.

These are mild diuretics.

Side effects:

Hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis due to H retention.

Term
List the stimulents and inhibitors of ADH
Definition

Stimulents: Hyperosmolarity, angiotensin II and volume depletion.

Inhibitors:Ethanol, glucocorticoid, and ANP.

Term

List the metabolic and respiratory compensatory mechanisms?

 

Definition

Metabolic compensatory mechanism: HCO3- is controlled by carbonic anhydrase and brush borders of proximal tubules of kidney. Also, the H and K intracellular exchange.

Respiratory compensatory Mechanism: pCO2 is controlled by lung function and respiratory control.

Term
List the causes of anion gap and state if they are acute or chronic?
Definition

 

Mannitol, Uremia, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Protease inhibitors,

 

A                 A/C                    A                                  A/C

 

INH, Lactic acid, ethanol or ethylene glycol,  

 

 A/C      A                A

 

Salicylates or starvation.

 

    A                      C

 

 

Term
What are the causes of non-anion gap metabolic acidosis?
Definition

Hyperailmentation, acid indigestion or addison's disease

a                          a                      c

Renal failure, diarrhea or diuretics,

c          a               c

uretosigmoidostomy, pancreatitis

C                 a/c

Term
List the compensatory mechanisms for metabolic acidosis?
Definition
Resp Compensatory: Hyperventilate to decrease the amount of
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