Term
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Definition
| Pattern of coelomic formation that "goes into" (entero). Mesoderm layer is formed in a developing embryo when coelom forms from pouches pinched off of the digestive tract. Found in deuterostomes ("mouth second") |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood are water flow are opposite. More effective in transport. Found in molluscs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fluid filled cavity lined with mesoderm found in triploblasts and is always involved in reproduction. It is located between the intestinal canal and the body wall. Aids in movement and circulation in Annelids; reduced to channels in leeches to play a role in circulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organism has both female and male reproductive organs. Can be simultaneous or sequential. (Earth worms, leeches, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| Forward growth. In annelids, worms grow by adding segments ahead of the pygidium. (end growth) |
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Term
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Definition
| Mouth develops first during gastrulation. (Annelids, molluscs and arthropods) |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in most annelids. Open ended with a ciliated funnel and a nephridium pore. It is free flowing in the coelomic fluid and filters the fluid. There are nephridium in each segment but vents out into segment posterior to it and diffuses through body wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| Comprised of the coelom surrounded by muscle. Pressure of the fluid and muscles results in movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Middle tissue between endo and ectoderm. Primarily during embryo development |
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Term
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Definition
| "Molis"= soft. The largest group next to arthropods. They have a muscular foot, shell (CaCO3), visceral mass, and a radula. There are 7 classes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Central feature of molluscan biology formed by the mantle skirt. The mantle contains the gills, nephridium, gonopores, anus, and osphradium (tests for food particles). The mantle is the dorsal body wall and covers the visceral mass. |
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Term
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Definition
| Projections from the axis (chitin rod used for structural support) of the ctenidium in molluscs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Larval stage after trochophore in gastropods. During this stage, muscle will rotate the body. Can last a few weeks. More derived gastropods skip the trochophore stage and hatch as veligers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in chiton. It is a fleshy girdle that surrounds the plates and allows for suction. Holds the plates together. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 ventricles in the heart. Used to collect and expel blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| 180 degree rotation of the visceral mass relative to the foot and head of some gastropods. Causes the mantle cavity to be anterior. |
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Term
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Definition
| In molluscs, it takes oxygenated blood away from the ctenidium and to the heart then the rest of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Group of snails and slugs that can breathe air using a pallial lung. All fresh water and terrestrial. Have lost ctenidium but maintain the mantle cavity; use numestome to open and close mantle cavity. All are monoecious with direct development |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in ancient lineages of gastropod. Gill has axis with filaments on either side. |
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Term
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Definition
| Respiratory pigment that binds oxygen to copper. Found in molluscs. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 valves. Also known as Pelecypoda (hatchet foot). The foot tends to be laterally compressed to push through the ground. Lateral compression of the body/foot and dorsal hinging of the shell. Decephalization and filter feeders. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gills in HAM used to deposit feed |
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Term
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Definition
| Tube like structures in molluscs that are part of the mantle. Used to eliminate waste (backflushing). |
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Term
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Definition
| In bivalves, the ligament holds the shells together at the dorsal edge. |
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Term
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Definition
| "head foot" All are marine and carnivorous (raptorial predators). They have bilateral symmetry and tentacles modified from the primitive molluscan foot. Dorsal ventral elongation and most have lost a shell. Siphon is used as jet propulsion for locomotion and pedal retractors have become siphon retractor muscles. Chitinise beak and a modified radula used to pull in food. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Shovel foot" Burrowing and deposit feeder with palps inside mouth. No ctenidia or circulatory system and have a concurrent system. |
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Term
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Definition
| "rings" Segmented worms that are mostly marine and have metamerism (highly repetitive body plan). Teloblastic growth and hydrostatic skeleton. Segments are separated by septum (mesodermal lining). Zygote forms from annelidian cross and they have a trochophore larvae. |
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Term
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Definition
| First body segment of annelid (acron). |
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Term
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Definition
| Outer layer of tissue on annelid body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tactile/sensory appendages at the posterior end of annelids and some arthropods. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small tentacle- like projections on the peristomium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in annelids (oligochaetes). Pore that goes into coelomic fluid to help keep the cuticle moist for respiration. Some are modified for defense and can spray noxious fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| In annelids (nereis). The primary site of respiratory exchange. |
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Term
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Definition
| Class of annelids. Possess a clitellum which is a glandular epidermal structure used in reproduction. It mostly secretes mucus and all species are monoecious. They have direct development. This includes oligochaeta and hirudenia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in Hirudenia. Allow for wave-like movements by contracting and shortening-swimming. |
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Term
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Definition
| Forms after the trochophore in Sipuncula. Looks like a trochophore turned on its side. Has an appendage that can taste substrate |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in Echiura "spoon worms". Used as a seawater enema to cleanse the body of toxins. This helps with circulation and getting rid of metabolic waste. |
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Term
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Definition
| largest and most diverse of aquatic arthropods. Most are marine but some are fresh water. The head tagma has 2 pairs of antenna and 1 pair of mandibles. Also has 2 pair of maxilla (head appendages). The trunk (thorax + abdomen) has biramous appendage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Split into Hexapoda and myriapoda. Subphylum of arthropods. One pair of legs per body segment. |
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Term
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Definition
| "joint foot". Most of them are insects. They have a chitinous exoskeleton that does not grow and a segmented body plan that often fuses to form regions (tagma). Also have serial homology which is the regional differentiation of segmental appendages, reduction of the coelom, a large, open hemocil, compound eye, and a separated digestive system. |
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Term
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Definition
| head appendages in the head tagma. Most arthropods have 2 pairs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of an arthropod molting its exoskeleton. A new exoskeleton is created under the old one, but is very soft. Old exoskeleton molts off and the new one hardens. |
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Term
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Definition
| The external branch of an arthropod appendage. Exopods are completely missing in insects. |
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Term
| deuterostomous development |
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Definition
| During gastrulation, the anus forms first and then the mouth forms second. |
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Term
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Definition
| water moves over gills in the same direction as blood flow. This is found in molluscs |
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Term
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Definition
| separate sexes "gonochoristic" |
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Term
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Definition
| both sexes in the same individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| "blood cavity" Found in arthropods. Functions as part of the circulatory system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Forms the exoskeletons of arthropods. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pattern of cell division in early embryology where the cells divide equally. |
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Term
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Definition
| A closed-ended tapered tube used to collect and excrete nitrogenous waste from the coelom of annelids. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pattern of coelom formation in some protostomes when cells split to form the coelom. Found in annelids |
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Term
|
Definition
| "little eye" Found in some molluscs. It is a minute simple eye or eyespot. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pattern of cell division in early embryology where the cells do not divide equally. Found in many protostomes (annelids). It is highly determined which means that the cell fates are set early. |
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Term
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Definition
| The phase in early embryologic development in most animals when the single layered bastula is reorganized to form the tri-layered gastrula. Forms germ layers known as mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm |
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Term
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Definition
| The soft, nonmuscular metabolic region of a mollusc. It contains the body organs |
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Term
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Definition
| A respiratory organ or gill found in molluscs. Has an axis with feather-like filaments along both sides. The structure is supported by a chitinous rod and the efferent and afferent blood vessels run through the axis. Provides to mollusc with countercurrent exchange. |
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Term
|
Definition
| "tooth bearer". Part of the feeding mechanism of molluscs. It is the cartilage that supports the radula |
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Term
|
Definition
| Membrane enclosing the heart. In molluscs it is a mesodermal cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| "many plate barer". Chitins and chain mail mollusc. The body is dorsal ventrally compressed and provides less cross sectional power from waves. Shell has 8 articulated plates and they lack tentacles, eyes, etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| The concentration of sense organs in the anterior region of the body which forms a head and brain. It is accompanied by the move to bilateral symmetry in flatworms where the eyespots moved to the head. |
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Term
|
Definition
| "stomach foot". Includes snails and slugs. Marine, fresh water and terrestrial. They have dorsal ventral elongation of the body, coiling of the viscera and shell to make it more compact and portable, torsion of the visceral mass 180 degrees relative to the foot and head, and an oblique shift in the shell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| "front gills". Class of gastropods that are torted with the mantle cavity in the front. They are typically shelled and gonochoric |
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Term
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Definition
| Shell of a gastropod that is coiled in one plane |
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Term
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Definition
| "rear gills." All monoecious and have reduction of the shell, secondary gills, and detortion where they tort as larvae then lose the shell. Many have toxic defense which usually come from the food they eat and often times have aposematic coloration. (sea slugs, sea hairs, sea butterflies, etc) |
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Term
|
Definition
| In some mollucsc (mesogastropods) lamellae is found on one side of the ctenidial axis |
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Term
|
Definition
| mix of blood and interstitial fluid. Found in the open circulatory system of molluscs |
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Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
| asymmetrical helical coiling |
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Definition
| Found in some gastropods. Balance issue of shell so there is an oblique shift. The shell has been transformed from a cap-like shield into a portable, protective retreat. Have a monopectinate gill on the left side and reduction in the kidneys. |
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Term
|
Definition
| lung like sac part of class Gastropoda. All are fresh water ad terrestrial. They have lost their ctenidium but still maintain the mantle cavity and are monoecious. They have numestome that opens and closes the mantle cavity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| copper based respiratory pigment. Found in molluscs. |
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Term
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Definition
| on the shell of a bivalve, shows where all the muscles were attached in life. |
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Term
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Definition
| in molluscs. Bivalves use the inhalant or incurrent siphon to draw water into the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| found in bivalves. It is connected from anterior to posterior by the pallial line and the posterior adductor is generally much larger than the anterior. When adductor muscles relax, the shell opens, and they close when the muscles contract. |
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Term
|
Definition
| found in HAM, used for deposit feeding. Apart of the ctenidia. |
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Term
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Definition
| In molluscs, it is used as a grinding tool during extracellular digestion. |
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Term
|
Definition
| found in Chitions. Photosensitive structures that pierce the plates. |
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Term
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Definition
| the arrangement of cells during development. Due to radial spiral cleavage. Forms a T shape |
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Term
|
Definition
| in molluscs. Bivalves use the exhalant or excurrent, siphon to get rid of waste (backflushing), apart of mantle cavity. Cephalopods use siphons as jet propulsion. Scallops use for swimming. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Four nerve chords. Found in molluscs (cephalopods)a pair of nerve cords that extend from the pedal ganglia into the foot (pedal nerve cord) and two visceral nerve cords that run from the nerve ring to the visceral ganglion |
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Term
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Definition
| one of three hearts in Cephalopods, pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| a bivalve shell is held together by a ligament at the dorsal end of the shell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anatomical structure part of the mantle found in Gastropods, Bivalves, and Cephalopods. Water flows in and is used for locomotion, feeding, respiration, and reproduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| type of eye found in Cephalopods. Analogous to human eye due to convergant evolution. Consists of an iris, a lens, photoreceptor cells, a retina, and optic nerve. Better than human eye because there is no blind spot (due to optic nerve in the middle) |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| two of the three hearts in Cephalopods. One branchial heart per ctenidium. Pumps blood into the ctenidia to be oxygenated. |
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Term
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Definition
| “bearing one plate.” Class of molluscs with a cap-like shell living at the bottom of the deep sea. Thought to be extinct until recently. |
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Term
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Definition
| interradial projection of cells at the animal pole of a developing embryo. |
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Term
|
Definition
| many bristles made of chitin. Mostly marine, some fresh water, some terrestrial. Most are burrowers and have parapods “side foot” which are fleshy extensions of the body wall that have bristles. (ex. Nereis) |
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Term
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Definition
| : Tail in Annelids. New growth segments are added by the pygidium. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Highly repetitive body plan. An identifying key of annelids. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bristles found at the ends of parapods. Made of chitin |
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Term
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Definition
| Second body segment of annelids. Contains the mouth, cirri, and sometimes feeding palps. If an eversible pharynx is present, it located in the peristomium. |
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Term
|
Definition
| “around strain” thin membrane lining the body cavity, covering the supporting organs. Found in annelids |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| “sheet gill” in bivalves, now serves as a filtering system for food. Transports the particles to the mouth. |
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Term
|
Definition
| “side foot” found in annelids. |
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Term
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Definition
| stiff rod. Attachment site for muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
| muscles that attached to aciculum to move parapod |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized reproduction where the tail end of a certain polychaete worms break off and swims to the surface where it releases eggs and sperm. |
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Term
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Definition
| same thing as chaetae. In oligochaetes, they keep animal from being pulled out. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in oligochaetes. CO2 partial pressure is very high in soil so the calciferous gland, located in the esophagus, dumps calcium carbonate into the gut which then gets excreted out. (earthworms) |
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Term
|
Definition
| primary site of respiratory exchange. Below notopod. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glandular organ in oligochaetes that secretes mucus which binds two worms in order to trade sperm during copulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| “few bristles”. All are monoecious which is a modification to cope with living on land. Modified nephridia that contain gametes. They have direct development and mate using the clitellum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Greek for Leech, Leeches. Mostly marine, some fresh water, and some are terrestrial but they are restricted to tropical environments. They possess a clitellum, although it is not always apparent and they have abandoned the coelom as the main form of locomotion. Instead, the body is filled with longitudinal muscles. The body is dorsal- ventrally flattened and the anterior-posterior body wall is modified to form suckers. Reduction in segmentation, lack bristles, and nephridia are modified to directly filter blood to make urine. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Class of Annelids. All monoecious. Have clitellum: glandular epidermal structure used in reproduction (secretes mucus used to make reproductive structure). |
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Term
|
Definition
| “little pipe” peanut worms. 320spp can withdraw their introvert. Deposit feed, lack hemal system, simple diffusion across body wall. Anal shield, and a compensation sack |
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Term
|
Definition
| most anterior part of a Sipuncula, gets pulled into the body for protection, capped with an anal shield. |
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Term
|
Definition
| in Hirudinea, they contract and shorten causing movement. (undgulation) |
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Term
|
Definition
| projections of the coelomic cavity that contains the coelomic fluid when the introvert is retracted. Squeezes coelomic fluid creating hydrostatic pressure, and therefore popping the introvert back out. |
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Term
|
Definition
| “spiny tail” spoon worm. Burrowing, suck in water, anal sacs swell and flush the coelom and flushes out metabolic west. |
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Term
|
Definition
| forms after trochophore in Sipuncula (other coelomate worm). Looks like a trochophore on its side with an appendage to taste substrate |
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Term
|
Definition
| enlarged prostomium in Echiura |
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Term
|
Definition
| free swimming planktonic marine larva with several bands of cilia. |
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Term
|
Definition
| In Echiura “spiny tail”. Sucks in seawater, anal sacs then swell, then flushes the coelom, gets oxygen, then flushes out the metabolic waste. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lack antennas, lack mandibles, one pair of preoral appendages. Arachnida, Merostomata, Pycnogonida are all Chelicerates. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a group of Arthropods with mandibles sister taxa to Chelicerates |
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Term
|
Definition
Largest group of aquatic arthropods. Lots of marine, but freshwater, only terrestrial is the pill bug. Key Features:
two pairs of antennas (first on first segment, second on second segment)
one pair of mandibles
two pair of maxillas
Trunk: thorax + abdomen
Head tagma: 5 segments |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Subphylum of Arthropods. One pair of legs per segment. Contains Myriapoda (millipedes and centipedes) and Hexapoda (insects) |
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Term
|
Definition
| crushing organs in an arthropods mouthparts |
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Term
|
Definition
| paired sensory appendages in Arthropods |
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Term
|
Definition
“joint foot” Phylum including Crustacea, Uniramia, Hexapoda, Malacastraca, Myriapoda, and Chelicerata, Characteristics:
Jointed appendages
Chitinous exoskeleton (cuticle)
Segmented body plan: often fused to form regions (tagma) through tagmatization
Serial homology
Molting AKA Ecdysis
Reduction in coelom
Foregut + midgut + hindgut
Most have compound eye |
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Term
|
Definition
| light detecting structures that make up a compound eye |
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Term
|
Definition
| an eye consisting of many ommatidium |
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Term
|
Definition
| paired and behind the mandible. Apart of the mouthparts of Arthropods, aids in chewing. |
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Term
|
Definition
| an ingrowth of the arthropod exoskeleton serving as an attachment for muscles |
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Term
|
Definition
| the inner branch of the biramous appendage of a crustacean |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the outer branch of the biramous appendage of a crustacean |
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Term
|
Definition
| tagma in arthropods containing the head and thorax fused together. In crustaceans, the cephalothorax is covered with carapace. |
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Term
|
Definition
| dividing into two branches (female pleopods are biramous to hold eggs |
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Term
|
Definition
| regional differentiation of segmental appendages |
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Term
|
Definition
| along with the telson it comprises the tail in a crustacean. Uropod= “urine foot” |
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Term
|
Definition
| “one branch” (male pleopods are uniramous) |
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Term
|
Definition
| area between the body and the carapace. AKA gill chamber |
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Term
|
Definition
| along with the uropods comprises the tail in a crustacean. The anus is located here. |
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Term
|
Definition
| advanced larval stage of crustaceans |
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Term
|
Definition
| front part of the head of the crustacean, where the dorsal ganglia sit. |
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Term
|
Definition
| "pinched." Insects. Small in size which allows access to more resources, flight, and metamorphosis. Circulatory and respiratory systems are uncoupled, lack blood pigments, blood includes food and waste transport and is a major water reservoir, tracheal tubes. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| First larval stage of many crustaceans. Has an unsegmented body and a single eye |
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Term
|
Definition
| winged insects that have extreme metamorphosis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the exoskeleton of the head of an insect made up of fused chitinous plates |
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Term
|
Definition
| winged insects that lack dramatic metamorphosis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The second maxilla in an insect |
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Term
|
Definition
| Invaginations of the exoskeleton (apodemes) that the insect breathes through. Prevents the insect from becoming giant. Goes into an open circulatory system, muscular contractions ventilates tubes |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| form of indirect development in insects where the larvae have many adult features. They lack dramatic metamorphosis. More ancestral |
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Term
|
Definition
| indirect insect development where there is dramatic metamorphosis. The distinct transitional phase is the pupa |
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Term
|
Definition
| produce uric acid in insects |
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Term
|
Definition
| has 2 body tagam; cephalothorax (prosoma) and abdomen (opithosoma). Head region has 1 pair of chilicera, 1 pair of pedipalps. Usually has 8 walking legs and are fluid feeders (external digestion) Circulatory and respiratory systems are still coupled and have book lungs |
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Term
|
Definition
| spider mouth parts. Poison gland vents through chelicera |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| respiration organ used for atmospheric gas exchange. Have lamella that fill with blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two appendages in the front of a spider's head. Used as taste and smell organs Also used in sperm transfer |
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