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| some tropical frog species obtain their toxins (used by humans to make their arrow tips poisonous) by ingesting large numbers of |
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| is a key ingredient in candles, cosmetics, facial creams, adhesives, crayons, inks, ski waxes, chewing gum, and waterproofing materials. |
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| The most useful biological control agents are parasitoids, which develop inside developing embryos or larvae produced by other insects species slowly devouring the hosts' tissues from the inside out and killing the host in the process |
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| insect body is divided into 3 conspicuous tagmata |
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| head, thorax, and abdomen |
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| pair of head appendages (the second maxillae) are fused to form a lower lip, the |
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| Among true flies, the 2 hind wings have become modified into small club-shaped organs (halteres) that measure angular velocity, relaying to the fly information about its rotation in space |
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| Many insects have organs of hearing, called |
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| 3 single-unit eyes (ocelli) are usually on the head as well. |
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| Gas exchange is accomplished in almost all insects by means of a tracheal system; in the few groups in which trachea are lacking, gases exchange by diffusion across the cuticle. |
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One or 2 pairs of openings, spiracles, into the tracheal system are on the thorax, and additional pairs of spiracles are generally located on each of the abdominal segments.
The spiracles of most species can be closed, deterring evaporative loss of water.The tracheae are lined by cuticle, which is shed and resecreted by the underlaying epidermis each time the insect molts, and the tracheal tubules are kept from collapsing by means of chitinous rings embedded in the walls. |
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| The tracheae branch to form a network of smaller tubules called tracheoles. The branch again and terminate directly on the insect's tissues. |
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The major excretory organs are long, slender, blind-ending tubules called malpighian tubules, which, unlike nephridia, empty into the digestive tract.
Waste products (soluble derivative of uric acid) are actively transported from the blood into the distal, blind-ending portion of the malpighian tubules. |
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In these species, the muscle fibers are capable of contracting many times following stimulation by a single nerve impulse.
This type of flight is termed asynchronous flight, since whig-beat frequency does not correspond to the frequency or nerve impulse generation. |
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| discharge and placement of eggs |
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| The eggs are inserted into these various substrates through a long tube, called an ovipositor typically protruding from the abdomen. |
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| insects pass through several distinct development stages, called instars |
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| transition is gradual, and the different instars are called |
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In some species, this transition is gradual, and the different instars are called nymphs. Aquatic nymphs are sometimes referred to as naiads.
Dragonflies, grasshoppers, and cockroaches, for example, development in this manner and are said to be hemimetabolous |
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| In most other insect species, the change to adult form is radical and abrupt, and termed holometabolous |
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| Non feeding insect life stage |
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| Holometabolous development characterizes about %of all insect genera |
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| Instead, immatures simply get larger with each succeeding molt, and the body plan resembles that of the final adult at each stage. such development is termed ametabolous |
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| the molting process- in particular, the resorption of some of the old cuticle and the development of new cuticle- is triggered by a steroid called -------- but -----production is itself regulated in a complex manner |
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| insects enter into a resting state |
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| Ants are only about % of all insect species but make up ____of all the insect biomass worldwide. |
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Single Queen Colonies
Will be on test! |
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Multiple queen colonies
Will be on test! |
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All ants are this
Will be on test! |
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| workers in more primitive species are made up of developmentally arrested immature stages called |
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| There are about ----species in the class crustacea |
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| There are about 42,000 species in the class crustacea |
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| Nearly % of crustaceceans belong to the subclass Malacostraca. |
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| Nearly 60% of crustaceceans belong to the subclass Malacostraca. |
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| basic malacostracan body is |
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| carapace bears a prominent anterior projection called the |
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| smallest orders is the order Euphausiacea whose members are more commonly know as |
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| Eauphausiids typically produce |
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| , stomatopods resemble their land dwelling brothers the praying mantids, and thus are typically called |
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| carina, rostrum, scuta, and terga |
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The shell of barnacles is composed of numerous plates including the carina, rostrum, scuta, and terga.
the rostrum represents the side of the shell at which the body of the barnacle attaches to the mantle. |
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| Barnacle feeding appendages |
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| cryptobiosis, a bizarre ability to dehydrate and reduce metabolic rate to withstand extreme environmental conditions of low temperature and desiccation stress. |
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| syncytidal, that is, nuclei are not separated from each other by complete cell membranes |
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| larvae of ------ often migrate to the victim's eyes, causing blindness |
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| larvae of Onchocera spp. often migrate to the victim's eyes, causing blindness |
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| lophophore is the phoronids' only prominent external structure. it consists of a conspicuous ring of tentacles, usually deeply intended to form a U-shape, and a less conspicuous, ciliated food groove |
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| ring canal, which forms a ring around the esophagus. |
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| linked to the outside seawater through a sieve plate called the |
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| serve to filter fluid from the water vascular system into the main body cavity, helping to maintain body turgor as well as fluid storage |
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| calyx, a cup-shaped structure containing the complete digestive system |
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| digestive system, is covered by a lid-forming membrane (the tegmen) that bears the mouth |
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